Prevalence and Risk Factors of Asthma, Rhinitis, and Eczema and Their Multimorbidity among Young Adults in Kuwait: A Cross-Sectional Study
Table 5
Crude and adjusted associations between risk factors and allergic multimorbidity.
Independent variables
Allergic multimorbidity
One allergic disease
≥2 allergic diseases
Crude PR
Adjusted PR
Crude PR
Adjusted PR
(95% CI)
(95% CI)
(95% CI)
(95% CI)
Age
1.01 (0.98–1.04)
1.01 (0.98–1.05)
1.03 (0.98–1.08)
1.02 (0.97–1.06)
P value
0.665
0.394
0.212
0.596
Sex
Male
1.00 (Ref.)
1.00 (Ref.)
1.00 (Ref.)
1.00 (Ref.)
Female
1.15 (0.90–1.47)
1.06 (0.80–1.40)
1.00 (0.63–1.59)
1.35 (0.65–2.80)
P value
0.277
0.700
0.996
0.426
Smoking
Never
1.00 (Ref.)
1.00 (Ref.)
1.00 (Ref.)
Ever
0.90 (0.66–1.22)
1.69 (1.07–2.68)
1.65 (0.79–3.42)
P value
0.505
0.025
0.180
ETS
No
1.00 (Ref.)
1.00 (Ref.)
1.00 (Ref.)
Yes
1.04 (0.85–1.29)
1.94 (1.31–2.86)
1.75 (1.14–2.69)
P value
0.688
<0.001
0.011
Birth order
First
1.03 (0.81–1.33)
1.39 (0.89–2.19)
Second
1.24 (0.98–1.58)
1.24 (0.74–2.08)
Third or more
1.00 (Ref.)
1.00 (Ref.)
P value
0.236
0.359
Mode of birth
Vaginal
1.00 (Ref.)
1.00 (Ref.)
C-section
1.03 (0.76–1.39)
0.99 (0.53–1.85)
P value
0.868
0.975
Cat exposure
No
1.00 (Ref.)
1.00 (Ref.)
1.00 (Ref.)
1.00 (Ref.)
Yes
1.21 (0.94–1.55)
1.27 (0.99–1.62)
2.02 (1.31–3.10)
1.79 (1.11–2.90)
P value
0.149
0.061
0.001
0.018
Dog exposure
No
1.00 (Ref.)
1.00 (Ref.)
1.00 (Ref.)
Yes
1.19 (0.79–1.81)
1.91 (1.01–3.65)
1.07 (0.49–2.34)
P value
0.402
0.048
0.860
Maternal allergy
No
1.00 (Ref.)
1.00 (Ref.)
1.00 (Ref.)
1.00 (Ref.)
Yes
1.92 (1.56–2.36)
1.76 (1.41–2.20)
3.99 (2.52–6.32)
3.97 (2.32–6.80)
P value
<0.001
<0.001
<0.001
<0.001
Paternal allergy
No
1.00 (Ref.)
1.00 (Ref.)
1.00 (Ref.)
1.00 (Ref.)
Yes
1.75 (1.43–2.15)
1.48 (1.20–1.82)
2.45 (1.58–3.78)
1.72 (1.10–2.68)
P value
<0.001
<0.001
<0.001
0.017
PR: prevalence ratio; CI: confidence interval; Ref.: reference; ETS: environmental tobacco smoke; C-section: Cesarean section. “no allergic disease” category formed the common reference category. that the participant has either asthma, rhinitis, or eczema. that the participant has at least two allergic diseases. was modeled as a continuous variable. participants reporting ever smoking cigarettes and/or ever smoking water pipe (hookah). as regular exposure to tobacco smoke inside and/or outside the house. as having a cat/dog in the home during the past 12 months. /father having history of doctor-diagnosed asthma, eczema, or rhinitis. that had a P value ≤ 0.2 in the crude model were included in the adjusted (multivariable) model, except for age and sex, which were included in all adjusted models.
