Management of Penetrating Skull Base Injury: A Single Institutional Experience and Review of the Literature

Table 2

Clinicoradiological features of previously reported cases of PSBI.

Author and year	Age and gender	Side/size	Material	Mechanism of injury	Penetrating pathway	Symptom	Surgical approach	Infection	Outcome
Matsumoto et al., 1998	3/female	Left/3 cm	Plastic chopstick	Falling	Optic canal	Blindness	Craniotomy	NK	Blindness
Matsumoto et al., 1998	57/male	Right/2 cm	Wooden chopstick	Stick into chopstick	Optic canal	Blindness	Craniotomy	NK	Blindness
Hebecker, 2009	32/male	Left/no foreign body	Wild deer’s antler	Accident	Left orbit floor/lateral orbit	Coma	Bifrontal intradural neurosurgical approach	No	Free of symptom
Ishikawa et al., 2000	4/male	Left/6 cm	Wooden chopstick	Falling	Preauricular area to posterior fossa	Fever, headache	Suboccipital craniectomy	Brain abscess	Ataxia and dysmetria
Matsuyama et al., 2001	1/male	Right/2.5 cm	Wooden chopsticks	Falling	Superior orbital fissure	Swollen eye	Transcranial approach	Meningitis	Free of symptom
Maruya et al., 2002	56/female	Left/1 cm	Bamboo	Tumbling	Temporal (lateral orbit)	Drowsiness	Left frontotemporal craniotomy and orbitozygomatic osteotomy	No	Lateral gaze in the left eye
Hayashi et al., 2003	71/female	Right/no foreign body	Bear claws	Animal assault	Frontal sinus	Lacerated face, CSF fistulas	Frontal craniectomies to repair CSF fistulas	No	Free of symptom
Nishio et al., 2004	6/female	Right/2.5 cm	Wooden chopstick	Falling	Frontal (orbital roof)	Fever, headache, neck stiffness	Craniotomy	Brain abscess	Free of symptom
Kim et al., 2005	1/male	Right/2 cm	Metallic chopstick	Falling	Frontal (orbital roof)	Crying	Craniotomy	No	Free of symptom
Tsao et al., 2006	45/male	Left/2.5 cm 2.5 cm	Plastic chair glide	Be assaulted	Sinonasal cavity, anterior skull base	Ptosis, impaired vision	Transnasal endoscopic exploration and removal of the foreign body	No	Anosmia and diplopia
De Tommasi et al., 2006	20/male	Right/10 cm	Screwdriver	Falling	Right maxilla	Scotoma in the left eye, CSF leakage	Left pterional approach	NK	Restored vision
Park, 2006	9/female	Right/NK	Wooden chopstick	Falling	Frontal (orbital roof)	Swollen eye	Craniotomy	No	Free of symptom
Park, 2006	1/male	Left/NK	Metallic chopstick	Falling	Frontal (orbital roof)	Swelling, left hemiparesis	NK	No	Left mild hemiparesis
Park, 2006	5/male	Left/NK	Metallic chopstick	Falling	Frontal (orbital roof)	Swollen eye	NK	No	Free of symptom
Park, 2006	2/male	Left/NK	Metallic chopstick	Falling	Frontal (orbital roof)	Swollen eye	NK	No	Free of symptom
Nitsch et al., 2007	22/male	Right/2 cm	Nail-gun	Accident	Right upper jaw to temporal lobe	Intracerebral haematoma	Simple extraction of the nail without a craniotomy	NK	NK
Hiraishi, 2007	5/female	Left/3.5 cm	Plastic chopstick	Falling	Frontal (orbital medial)	Fever, headache, neck stiffness	Craniotomy	Meningitis, brain abscess	Hyposmia
Kawada, 2009	5/female	Left/3 cm	Wooden chopstick	Falling	Frontal (orbital roof)	Swollen eye	Craniotomy	Brain abscess	Free of symptom
Mitilian, 2009	4/male	Right/11 cm	Wooden chopstick	Falling	Superior orbital fissure	Mild confusion, vomiting	Craniotomy	Brain abscess	Mild dysmetria of the arm
Wieland et al., 2010	58/male	Left-sided/NK	Wooden stick	Accident	Maxillofacial to ethmoid roof	Fever, headache, nausea, vomiting, mental status changes	Endoscopic repair of the skull base defect	Intracranial infection	NK
Hettige et al., 2010	38/female	Left/NK	Plastic chopstick	Stumble	Posterior wall of the oropharynx to jugular foramen into the posterior fossa	Nystagmus, left 9th, 10th, and 12th cranial nerves palsy, quadrantanopia	Left occipital craniotomy, retrosigmoid craniectomy	No	Left 9th, 10th, and 12th cranial nerves palsy
Sweeney et al., 2011	31/male	Right/NK	Knife	Suicidal attempt	Lower jaw to anterior skull base	Pain	Combined right pterional and interhemispheric craniotomies	No	NK
Sweeney et al., 2011	21/female	Right/NK	Knife	Homicidal attempt	Left orbit to middle skull base	Emesis, seizure	Left cranioorbitozygomatic approach	No	NK
Yonezawa, 2011	28/male	Left/NK	Plastic chopstick	Falling	Frontal (orbital medial)	NK	Craniotomy	No	Free of symptom
Arslan et al., 2012	13/male	Right/18 cm	Iron bar	Falling	Right orbit and superior orbital fissure	Coma (GCS3)	Right frontoparietal craniotomy	No	Died
Shin et al., 2012	38/male	Left/14 cm	Plastic chopstick	Falling	Superior orbital fissure	Blindness, swelling, numbness around eye	Removal of chopstick without craniotomy	No	Blindness
Katayama et al., 2013	18/male	Right/12 cm	Metal rod	Falling	Frontal (subzygomatic bone)	Vomiting	NK	NK	No neurological deficit
Wang et al., 2013	35/male	Left/18 cm	Steel	Falling	Left maxillary sinus	Limited movement of neck	Craniotomy	No	Left facial palsy
Skoch et al., 2013	35/female	Medial/NK	Electric toothbrush	Accident	Temporal (lateral orbit)	Blurred vision, pain	Modified frontotemporal orbitozygomatic craniotomy	No	Improved pain and vision
Deveer et al., 2013	43/male	Right/5.6 cm	Plastic pen	Falling	Right orbit	No	NK	No	Free of symptom
Yamasaki et al., 2013	4/female	Left/6.5 cm	plastic chopstick	Falling	Frontal (orbital roof)	Swelling	NK	Meningitis, encephalitis	Free of symptom
Williams et al., 2014	56/male	Left/NK	Speargun	Suicidal attempt	Submandibular region, oral cavity	Coma	Large craniotomy	Cerebritis	Died

ACA, Anterior Cerebral Artery; CSF, Cerebrospinal Fluid; GCS, Glasgow Coma Scale; ICA, internal carotid artery; NK, not known.