Effects of Six Commercial Saccharomyces cerevisiae Strains on Phenolic Attributes, Antioxidant Activity, and Aroma of Kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa cv.) Wine
Table 2
Phenolic concentrations in six kiwifruit wines, with corresponding total phenolics, ABTS radical scavenging activity, and DPPH radical scavenging activity ().
CR476
JH-2
WLP77
RC212
RA17
BM 4×4
Control
Gallic acid
0.174 ± 0.021
0.340 ± 0.034
0.217 ± 0.023
0.395 ± 0.018
0.377 ± 0.035
0.291 ± 0.031
0.351 ± 0.025
Proanthocyanidins B2
0.359 ± 0.037
0.207 ± 0.021
0.322 ± 0.043
0.451 ± 0.052
0.287 ± 0.031
0.235 ± 0.027
0.387 ± 0.032
L-Epicatechin
0.748 ± 0.127
1.243 ± 0.114
1.554 ± 0.088
1.961 ± 0.134
1.829 ± 0.164
0.802 ± 0.107
1.763 ± 0.112
Caffeic acid
1.786 ± 0.121
1.055 ± 0.094
1.185 ± 0.114
2.797 ± 0.157
2.011 ± 0.096
1.564 ± 0.142
2.636 ± 0.110
Caftaric acid
0.576 ± 0.049
0.273 ± 0.042
0.378 ± 0.074
0.758 ± 0.051
0.547 ± 0.037
0.422 ± 0.023
0.656 ± 0.047
Ferulic acid
0.520 ± 0.054
0.698 ± 0.085
0.746 ± 0.073
0.933 ± 0.088
1.088 ± 0.124
0.648 ± 0.057
0.971 ± 0.090
Ellagic acid
0.265 ± 0.036
0.214 ± 0.018
ND
0.577 ± 0.019
0.415 ± 0.031
0.268 ± 0.021
0.403 ± 0.022
Catechin
0.276 ± 0.020
ND
0.159 ± 0.010
0.416 ± 0.026
0.201 ± 0.019
ND
0.347 ± 0.021
Protocatechuate
0.135 ± 0.008
0.206 ± 0.013
0.291 ± 0.009
0.645 ± 0.061
ND
0.326 ± 0.032
0.549 ± 0.024
p-Coumaric acid
0.571 ± 0.030
0.627 ± 0.022
0.603 ± 0.031
0.642 ± 0.050
0.597 ± 0.039
0.587 ± 0.041
0.533 ± 0.059
Chlorogenic acid
0.554 ± 0.042
0.576 ± 0.033
0.612 ± 0.044
0.682 ± 0.035
0.629 ± 0.048
0.453 ± 0.026
0.649 ± 0.039
Total phenolics
234 ± 11
249 ± 7
253 ± 13
317 ± 10
305 ± 15
272 ± 12
298 ± 11
ABTS
13.49 ± 0.53
11.63 ± 0.61
14.75 ± 0.58
16.05 ± 0.76
15.98 ± 0.68
12.33 ± 0.65
15.89 ± 0.71
DPPH
149 ± 12
126 ± 7
131 ± 9
201 ± 8
193 ± 10
143 ± 11
178 ± 9
ND: not detected. Values with different superscript roman letters (a–d) in the same row are significantly different; represents significance at (P < 0.05), at (P < 0.01), and at (P < 0.0001). Phenolic content expressed in mg/L of standard. Antioxidant activity of DPPH radical scavenging and ABTS radical scavenging expressed in mg/L Trolox equivalents and Folin-Ciocalteu (F-C) total phenolics expressed as mg/L gallic acid equivalents.
