Review Article
Pathoanatomic Risk Factors for Instability and Adjacent Segment Disease in Lumbar Spine: How to Use Topping Off?
Table 1
Overview of pedicle-based study methods.
| Author | Implant | Subject number | Follow-up (months) | Publication year | Level of evidence | Study design |
| Kim et al. [12] | Bioflex | 46 | 9 | 2007 | 2b | Retrospective | Ogawa et al. [13] | Sublaminar wiring | 54 | 40 | 2009 | 1b | Prospective | Kaner et al. [14] | Agile topping off | 15 | 19 | 2009 | 1b | Prospective | Putzier et al. [15] | Dynesys transition | 22 | 76 | 2010 | 1b | Randomized | Schwarzenbach et al. [16] | Dynesys | 31 | 39 | 2010 | 3b | Retrospective | Maserati et al. [17] | Dynesys to Optima | 22 | (1–22) | 2010 | 2b | Retrospective | Hudson et al. [18] | IsoBar | 22 | 24 | 2011 | 1b | Prospective | Kumar et al. [19] | Dynesys | 32 | 24 | 2012 | 1b | Prospective | Coe et al. [20] | NFlex | 40 | 24 | 2012 | 2b | Retrospective | Zagra et al. [21] | FlexPlus | 32 | 12 | 2012 | 1b | Prospective | Li et al. [22] | IsoBar | 36 | 24 | 2013 | 2b | Retrospective | Fu et al. [23] | IsoBar | 36 | 24 | 2014 | 1b | Retrospective |
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