Nanomedicine for Inner Ear Diseases: A Review of Recent In Vivo Studies

Table 5

Inner ear drug delivery studies with imaging modalities.

Nanoparticle	Size of nanoparticle	Animal	Administration route	Loaded drug or gene	Evaluation time	Evaluation of nanoparticle uptake
Silver NP [34]	21 ± 8 nm	Sprague Dawley rats	Intratympanic	None	At 4, 7, and 24 h and at 7 days	Micro-CT
Liposome nanocarrier [35]	115 ± 10 nm	Sprague Dawley rats	Intratympanic	Gd-DOTA	At several predetermined time points within 7 days	MRI, ABR, and inflammatory biological markers
Ceric ammonium nitrate oxidant-stabilized gamma-maghemite NP [36]	50–60 nm	Sprague Dawley rats	Intratympanic	None	At several predetermined time points within 14 days	MRI

NP: nanoparticle; Gd-DOTA: gadolinium-tetra-azacyclo-dodecane-tetra-acetic acid; ABR: auditory brainstem response.