The Gingival Crevicular Fluid as a Source of Biomarkers to Enhance Efficiency of Orthodontic and Functional Treatment of Growing Patients

Table 1

Main GCF host biomarkers according to biological significance.

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Bone deposition and mineralization

 Bone alkaline phosphatase

  Osteoprotegerin

Bone resorption

 Osteonectin

 Bone phosphoprotein

 Osteocalcin

 Cross-linked carboxyterminal telopeptide of type I collagen

 Receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B and its ligand

Inflammation

 Cytokines (interleukins, tumor necrosis factors, interferons, growth factors, and colony-stimulating factors)

 Arachidonic acid derivates (prostaglandins, leukotrienes)

 Neutrophil alkaline phosphatase

 Hydroxyproline

 Collagen cross-linking peptides

 Others

Cell death or tissue damage

 Aspartate aminotransferase

 Lactate dehydrogenase

 Hydroxyproline

 Collagen cross-linking peptides

 Glycosaminoglycans

 Metalloproteases (proteolytic enzyme)

 Cathepsin B (proteolytic enzyme)

 Antibodies

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