Molecular Abnormalities Underlying Bone Fragility in Chronic Kidney Disease

Table 2

Molecular abnormalities that affect bone loss and bone quality.

Category	Factor	Loss of bone mass	Deterioration of bone quality
Humoral factors	PTH	Activating bone resorption and modulating bone turnover [42, 43, 46–50]	Modulating microarchitecture [41]
	FGF23	Inhibiting bone formation [64]	Inhibiting mineralization [65]
	Sclerostin	Inhibiting bone formation [66–68, 70, 71, 75]	Inhibiting mineralization [71]
			Modulating material property [74]
	Vitamin D	Inhibiting bone formation [76, 77]	Inhibiting mineralization [76]
Uremia-specific	Uremic toxins and advanced oxidative stress	Modulating bone turnover [92–97]	Modulating material property [51, 83–88]
Bone aspects	Microcrack accumulation, osteocytes apoptosis		Modulating material property [101–103]

Numerals are reference numbers.