Risk Factors of Delirium in Sequential Sedation Patients in Intensive Care Units
Table 1
Characteristics of patients with and without delirium in this study.
Variables
Delirium ()
Nondelirium ()
Baseline characteristics of patients
Age (years)
54 (47–65)
49 (38–61)
0.023
<51
19 (36.5)
51 (57.3)
0.017
≥51
33 (63.5)
38 (42.7)
Male (, %)
38 (73.1)
56 (62.9)
0.217
Body mass index (BMI)
23.35 (20.24–26.70)
23.77 (21.86–25.79)
0.632
Allergic history (, %)
0.358
Yes
3 (5.8)
2 (2.2)
No
49 (94.2)
87 (97.8)
Regular drinking (, %)
0.838
Yes
19 (36.5)
31 (34.8)
No
33 (63.5)
58 (65.2)
Regular smoking (, %)
0.175
Yes
21 (40.4)
26 (29.2)
No
31 (59.6)
63 (73.8)
Hypertension (, %)
0.525
Yes
11 (21.2)
15 (16.9)
No
41 (78.8)
74 (83.1)
ICU admission diagnosis (, %)
0.240
Pneumonia
13 (25.0)
22 (24.7)
Sepsis
11 (21.2)
20 (22.5)
Trauma
15 (28.8)
15 (16.9)
Pancreatitis
13 (25.0)
27 (30.3)
other digestive disease
0 (0.0)
5 (5.6)
(1) Patients at ICU admission (before meeting the sequential criteria)
APACHE II
19 (14–25)
19 (14–23)
0.771
<23
38 (73.1)
68 (76.4)
0.659
≥23
14 (26.9)
21 (23.6)
SOFA score
10 (8–14)
10 (7–13)
0.595
<14
34 (65.4)
72 (80.9)
0.040
≥14
18 (34.6)
17 (19.1)
Cholesterol (mmol/L)
2.31 (1.86–3.28)
2.29 (1.44–3.07)
0.082
Triglyceride (mmol/L)
1.41 (0.79–2.43)
1.40 (0.82–2.21)
0.584
The first dose of midazolam (mg/kg/d)
1.728 (1.380–2.184)
1.680 (1.320–1.920)
0.145
The first dose of fentanyl (μg/kg/d)
18.48 (15.36–23.04)
17.28 (14.40–19.92)
0.068
(2) After meeting the sequential criteria
The maintenance dose of midazolam (mg/kg/d)
1.896 (1.440–2.424)
1.440 (0.960–1.992)
0.001
The maintenance dose of fentanyl (μg/kg/d)
19.32 (14.40–24.24)
18.24 (14.40–21.12)
0.035
The accumulated dose of midazolam (mg)
336 (200–601)
400 (200–750)
0.603
The accumulated dose of fentanyl (mg)
4.315 (2.5–7.5)
4.250 (3.0–7.0)
0.710
Blood glucose (mmol/L)
7.515 (5.930–11.035)
8.575 (6.870–10.215)
0.257
Triglyceride (mmol/L)
1.445 (1.020–2.400)
1.860 (1.245–2.415)
0.201
(3) Continuous use of midazolam alone or sequential use of midazolam and propofol/dexmedetomidine after meeting the sequential criteria
Time of meeting the sequential criteria to stop sedation (hours)
33.00 (20.75–56.75)
25.00 (19.75–47.25)
0.243
Time of meeting the sequential criteria for extubation (hours)
48.75 (24.85–70.0)
34.75 (24.10–50.25)
0.317
Time of MV (hours)
144.75 (109.00–200.25)
160.00 (109.50–209.50)
0.346
ICU length of stay (days)
12.91 (9.89–18.89)
14.85 (9.90–19.98)
0.462
Hospital length of stay (days)
22.33 (15.32–40.06)
19.92 (14.85–30.52)
0.357
NIPPV after extubation (, %)
0.481
Yes
14 (26.9)
29 (32.6)
No
38 (73.1)
60 (67.4)
Vasoactive agent (, %)
0.417
Yes
13 (26.0)
29 (32.6)
No
37 (74.0)
60 (67.4)
Sequential sedatives (, %)
0.101
Midazolam (group M-M)
16 (30.8)
19 (21.3)
Propofol (group M-P)
23 (44.2)
32 (36.0)
Dexmedetomidine (group M-D)
13 (25.0)
38 (42.7)
BMI, body mass index; APACHE, acute physiology and chronic health evaluation; SOFA, sequential organ failure assessment; MV, mechanical ventilation; NIPPV, noninvasive positive pressure ventilation; .
