Effect of Calcium Channel Blockers on Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms: A Systematic Review

Table 2

Association of calcium channel blockers with lower urinary tract symptoms.

Author [ref] year	Number of CCB-users	Types of CCB evaluated	Association of CCB with LUTS	Quality of Life
Hughes et al. [15] 2011	38	Amlodipine, felodipine, nifedipine, lercanidipine, diltiazem, and verapamil	After adjusting for the natural progression of LUTS, there was a significant increase in mean IPSS after CCB initiation (5.85; 95% CI: 4.26–7.45, )	Significant increase in mean IPSS-QOL score after CCB commencement (2.27; 95% CI: 1.40–3.15, ).
Elhebir [16] 2011	85	Amlodipine, felodipine, nifedipine, lercanidipine, diltiazem, verapamil, Amlodipine/diltiazem, and felodipine/verapamil	CCB-users more likely to suffer from moderate-severe LUTS than non-CCB-users (); High significant association of Amlodipine/nifedipine (9.8; 95% CI: 3.98–24.3, ) and diltiazem/verapamil (8.2; 95% CI: 1.93–34.9, ) with severe LUTS; Significantly higher odds of moderate-severe LUTS with CCB (amlodipine/nifedipine, and diltiazem/verapamil 37.5; 95% CI: 8.6–163.9, )	CCB-users had statistically significantly higher scores of Benign prostate hyperplasia impact index () and IPSS-QOL question ().
Hall et al. [17] 2012	Monotherapy 54, CCB + other AHT 153	NR	Monotherapy of CCB is associated with higher prevalence of nocturia (OR 2.65; 95% CI: 1.04–6.74, ) and voiding symptoms (OR 2.59; 95% CI: 1.24–11.87, ) in young females (<55 years); no associations of CCB (monotherapy and CCB use with other AHT) with LUTS in males	NR.
Ito et al. [18] 2013	206	NR	Mean IPSS score was significantly high in CCB-users than nontreated hypertensives; (19.6 versus 18.2, )	No difference of QOL scores between CCB-users and nontreated hypertensives.
Kok et al. [19] 2009	39	NR	Preventive effect of CCB use in development of LUTS suggestive of BPH (HR 0.38; 95% CI: 0.151–0.979, )	NR.

AHT: antihypertensive; CCB: calcium channel blockers; LUTS: lower urinary tract symptoms; QOL: quality of life; HR: hazards ratio; OR: odds ratio; NR: not reported.