Association between Antihypertensive Drug Use and the Incidence of Cognitive Decline and Dementia: A Meta-Analysis of Prospective Cohort Studies

Table 4

Subgroup analyses for dementia and Alzheimer’s disease.

Outcomes	Group	RR and 95% CI	value	Heterogeneity (%)	value for heterogeneity	Intersubgroup heterogeneity
Dementia	Publication year
	2010 or after	0.91 (0.72–1.15)
	Before 2010	0.82 (0.67–1.00)
	Country
	USA	1.03 (0.87–1.23)
	Other	0.79 (0.71–0.89)	<0.001
	Sample size
	≥1000	0.88 (0.76–1.03)
	<1000	0.73 (0.45–1.17)
	Mean age (years)
	≥80.0	0.93 (0.73–1.18)
	<80.0	0.78 (0.69–0.89)	<0.001
	Male percentage (%)
	≥50.0	1.05 (0.73–1.51)		—	—
	<50.0	0.84 (0.73–0.97)
	History of stroke (%)
	≥10.0	0.50 (0.24–1.04)		—	—
	<10.0	0.82 (0.72–0.93)
	History of DM (%)
	≥20.0	0.78 (0.38–1.59)
	<20.0	0.86 (0.72–1.02)
	History of CVD (%)
	≥20.0	0.50 (0.24–1.04)		—	—
	<20.0	0.88 (0.77–1.00)
	Follow-up duration periods (years)
	≥5.0	0.89 (0.76–1.04)
	<5.0	0.70 (0.60–0.96)		—	—
	Adjusted SBP and DBP
	Yes	0.80 (0.70–0.90)	<0.001
	No	0.94 (0.77–1.14)
	Adjusted BMI
	Yes	0.86 (0.72–1.02)
	No	0.85 (0.63–1.16)
Alzheimer’s disease	Publication year
	2010 or after	0.52 (0.41–0.66)	<0.001	—	—	<0.001
	Before 2010	0.93 (0.80–1.09)
	Country
	USA	0.81 (0.54–1.21)
	Other	0.88 (0.71–1.09)
	Sample size
	≥1000	0.82 (0.61–1.11)
	<1000	0.88 (0.60–1.30)		—	—
	Mean age (years)
	≥80.0	0.87 (0.65–1.17)
	<80.0	0.82 (0.57–1.17)			<0.001
	Male percentage (%)
	≥50.0	0.64 (0.39–1.04)				<0.001
	<50.0	0.94 (0.80–1.11)
	History of stroke (%)
	≥10.0	—	—	—	—	—
	<10.0	0.75 (0.55–1.02)
	History of DM (%)
	≥20.0	1.05 (0.80–1.37)
	<20.0	0.73 (0.50–1.06)
	History of CVD (%)
	≥20.0	1.15 (0.84–1.57)		—	—
	<20.0	0.66 (0.40–1.10)
	Follow-up duration periods (years)
	≥5.0	0.81 (0.54–1.21)
	<5.0	0.88 (0.71–1.09)
	Adjusted SBP and DBP
	Yes	0.68 (0.40–1.13)
	No	0.97 (0.80–1.17)
	Adjusted BMI
	Yes	0.68 (0.40–1.13)
	No	0.97 (0.80–1.17)