Research Article
Blood Lead Levels and Risk Factors among Preschool Children in a Lead Polluted Area in Taizhou, China
Table 2
Main characteristics of preschool children with different BLLs.
| | Characteristics | BLLs (μg/L) | ( value) | BLL group |
( value) | | <50 (μg/L) | 50–<100 (μg/L) | ≥100 (μg/L) | | Mean ± SD | Geometric mean | (%) | (%) | (%) |
| | Sex | | | | | | | | | Male | | 51.5 | 25.94
(<0.0001) | 571 (52.5) | 396 (36.4) | 120 (11.1) | 19.71
(<0.0001) | | Female | | 46.0 | 561 (60.3) | 312 (33.5) | 58 (6.2) | | Age (years) | | | | | | | | | <3 | | 44.7 | 2.88
(0.0215) | 41 (62.1) | 21 (31.8) | 4 (6.1) | 20.80
(0.0077) | | 3 to <4 | | 51.8 | 157 (53.4) | 97 (33.0) | 40 (13.6) | | 4 to <5 | | 50.3 | 312 (51.7) | 244 (40.4) | 48 (7.9) | | 5 to <6 | | 47.2 | 397 (59.3) | 218 (32.5) | 55 (8.2) | | ≥6 | | 48.1 | 225 (58.6) | 128 (33.3) | 31 (8.1) | | Residence | | | | | | | | | Outlander | | 50.9 | 8.06
(0.0046) | 387 (50.6) | 310 (40.5) | 68 (8.9) | 17.05
(0.0002) | | Native | | 47.7 | 745 (59.5) | 398 (31.8) | 110 (8.7) | | Town | | | | | | | | | Fengjiang | | 48.6 | 0.53
(0.4653) | 692 (54.8) | 471 (37.3) | 101 (7.9) | 8.32
(0.0156) | | Pengjie | | 49.4 | 440 (58.4) | 237 (31.4) | 77 (10.2) | | Father’s education | | | | | | | | | Primary school | | 53.0 | 19.45
(0.0005) | 286 (48.9) | 237 (40.5) | 62 (10.6) | 26.58
(<0.0001) | | Middle and high school | | 48.0 | 774 (58.0) | 449 (33.6) | 112 (8.4) | | College or higher | | 38.8 | 72 (73.5) | 22 (22.5) | 4 (4.0) | | Father’s occupation | | | | | | | | | Lead related | | 50.9 | 14.04
(0.0002) | 545 (52.8) | 387 (37.5) | 101 (9.7) | 9.81
(0.0074) | | Not lead-related | | 46.8 | 587 (59.6) | 321 (32.6) | 77 (7.8) | | Mother’s education | | | | | | | | | Primary school | | 52.6 | 22.35
(<0.0001) | 346 (48.8) | 281 (39.6) | 82 (11.6) | 40.13
(<0.0001) | | Middle and high school | | 47.9 | 700 (58.5) | 406 (33.9) | 91 (7.6) | | College or higher | | 38.2 | 86 (76.8) | 21 (18.8) | 5 (4.4) | | Mother’s occupation | | | | | | | | | Lead-related | | 51.1 | 13.24
(0.0003) | 486 (52.5) | 347 (37.5) | 93 (10.0) | 9.66
(0.0080) | | Not lead-related | | 47.1 | 646 (59.2) | 361 (33.2) | 85 (7.6) | | Care giver’s education | | | | | | | | | Primary school | | 50.8 | 8.77
(0.0002) | 452 (51.5) | 341 (38.9) | 84 (9.6) | 21.46
(0.0003) | | Middle and high school | | 48.1 | 616 (58.4) | 350 (33.2) | 89 (8.4) | | College or higher | | 40.8 | 64 (74.4) | 17 (19.8) | 5 (5.8) | | Yearly household income (RMB) | | | | | | | | | <10000 | | 50.2 | 2.74
(0.0649) | 365 (53.8) | 255 (37.6) | 59 (8.7) | 8.19
(0.0847) | | 10000–15000 | | 48.9 | 542 (55.5) | 348 (35.6) | 87 (8.9) | | >15000 | | 46.5 | 225 (62.2) | 105 (29.0) | 32 (8.8) | | Residential floor | | | | | | | | | 1st floor | | 53.1 | 13.2
(<0.0001) | 300 (47.8) | 258 (41.1) | 70 (11.1) | 35.12
(<0.0001) | | 2nd to 3rd floor | | 48.2 | 641 (58.3) | 362 (32.9) | 96 (8.7) | | 4th to 6th floor | | 43.1 | 181 (65.6) | 83 (30.1) | 12 (4.3) | | >6th floor | | 37.7 | 10 (71.4) | 4 (28.6) | 0 (0) | | Family-style small factory | | | | | | | | | No | | 49.2 | 0.57
(0.4512) | 749 (54.9) | 493 (36.2) | 121 (8.9) | 1.19
(0.2334) | | Yes | | 48.3 | 383 (58.5) | 215 (32.8) | 57 (8.7) | | Passive smoking | | | | | | | | | Never | | 50.1 | 2.14
(0.0927) | 416 (54.0) | 277 (36.0) | 77 (10.0) | 5.872
(0.4376) | | Once in a while | | 47.4 | 522 (58.7) | 299 (33.6) | 68 (7.7) | | Often | | 50.3 | 172 (53.6) | 119 (37.1) | 30 (9.4) | | Always | | 47.3 | 22 (57.9) | 13 (34.2) | 3 (7.9) | | Use of decorative tableware | | | | | | | | | Never | | 50.6 | 4.47
(0.0039) | 97 (63.4) | 48 (31.4) | 8 (5.2) | 17.36
(0.0081) | | Sometimes | | 49.0 | 236 (58.4) | 146 (36.1) | 22 (5.5) | | Half of the time | | 46.4 | 304 (55.6) | 198 (36.2) | 45 (8.2) | | Always | | 44.9 | 495 (54.2) | 316 (34.6) | 103 (11.2) | | Drinking water | | | | | | | | | Tap water | | 48.9 | 0.70
(0.5529) | 1047 (56.3) | 648 (34.9) | 164 (8.8) | 2.38
(0.8815) | | Ground water | | 50.9 | 18 (54.5) | 13 (39.4) | 2 (6.1) | | Surface water | | 53.7 | 13 (44.8) | 12 (41.4) | 4 (13.8) | | Pure water | | 46.6 | 54 (55.7) | 35 (36.1) | 8 (8.2) | | Factory around the house or residential building | | | | | | | | | Yes | | 50.1 | 7.25
(0.0071) | 670 (54.7) | 435 (35.5) | 121 (9.8) | 5.20 (0.0742) | | No | | 47.1 | 462 (58.3) | 273 (34.5) | 57 (7.2) |
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tested by Bonferroni for multiple comparison between any two groups in a variable.
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