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| Cardiac parameter | Model | Effects of miR-222 | References |
In vitro | In vivo |
|
Physiological function | Cardiomyocytes proliferation | Neonatal rat ventricular cardiomyocytes Adult mice cardiomyocytes Adult mice noncardiomyocytes | C57BL/6J, exercise, and cardiac ischemia reperfusion surgery | Cardiomyocytes growth, proliferation, and survival in vitro ↑ Necessary for exercise-induced cardiac growth | [13, 17] |
Cardiac stem/progenitor cells differentiation | Mouse ESCs Human ESCs | — | Sarcomere alignment and calcium handling ↑ Resting membrane potential ↓ cardiomyocytes maturation markers ↑ | [18] |
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Pathological function | Ischemia reperfusion injury | — | miR-222 overexpression mice, cardiac ischemia reperfusion surgery | Protecting against cardiac dysfunction after I/R | [17] |
Heart failure | — | miR-222 overexpression mice, cardiac-specific | Inducing heart failure Inhibiting autophagy | [19] |
— | Human | miR-222 ↓ in HF patients with left ventricular assist devices | [20] |
Human aortic endothelia cells | — | LDL from HF patients ↓ miR-222 | [21] |
Inflammation | HUVECs | — | HIV Tat protein ↓ miR-222 Involved in inflammatory pathway | [22] |
Adult mouse cardiomyocytes, nRCMs, MCECs, and nRCFs | C57BL/6J, C3H, viral myocarditis | Cardiac viral infection ↑ IFN through miR-222 emerging efficient viral clearance | [23] |
Atherosclerosis | — | Human | miR-222 ↓ in atherosclerotic plaque shoulder related to plaque rupture | [24] |
Tetralogy of Fallot | Primary embryonic mouse cardiomyocytes; P19 Cell Line | Human | ↑ In heart tissue of patients ↑ migration, proliferation in embryonic mouse cardiomyocytes ↓ Cardiomyogenic differentiation of P19 cells | [25] |
Ventricular septal defect | — | Human | Low level in patients with ventricular septal defect | [20] |
Peripheral artery disease | — | C57BL/6J, Hindlimb ischemia surgery | ↑ Skeletal muscle regeneration after hindlimb ischemia | [26] |
Artery damage | — | ApoE Knockout mice, wire-induced artery injury | ↑ During neointima formation | [27] |
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