Advanced Oxidation Protein Products and Carbonylated Proteins as Biomarkers of Oxidative Stress in Selected Atherosclerosis-Mediated Diseases

Figure 1

Major pathways leading to formation of AOPP and C=O. AOPP are group of oxidatively modified protein products containing dityrosine, pentosidine, and carbonyl-containing products generated by ROS or formed via myeloperoxidase reaction during oxidative/chlorine stress. Carbonylation of proteins, which is the other mechanism of protein modification, may be due to a direct oxidation of amino acids residues by ROS or nonoxidative reactions with carbonyl-containing oxidized lipids. Cleavage of proteins backbone and α-amidation are recognized as other pathways leading to C=O. Finally, reactive aldehydes, which are classified as main products of metal-catalysed oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids, are attached to protein chain.