|
| Trial | Agent | Primary endpoints | Time of evaluation |
|
| LUNAR [17] | Rituximab | Serum Cr normal or ≤115% of baseline, inactive urinary sediment, and protein-creatinine ratio (PCR) < 0.5 | 52 weeks |
|
| BELONG [18] | Ocrelizumab | Cr ≤ 25% increase from baseline and PCR < 0.5 | 48 weeks |
|
| ELNT [19] | Cyclophosphamide | Treatment failure: Cr ≥ 1.3 mg/dl or Cr improvement < 50% or persistence of nephrotic syndrome
Flare not responding to 1-month increased glucocorticoids
Doubling of Cr over lowest value at any time | 6 months |
|
| Mycophenolate mofetil versus cyclophosphamide for induction treatment of lupus nephritis [20] | Mycophenolate mofetil | PCR < 3 if baseline is nephrotic, or improvement ≥ 50% if subnephrotic | 24 weeks |
|
| Mycophenolate versus azathioprine as maintenance therapy for lupus nephritis [21] | Mycophenolate mofetil | Time until 1st event: death, ESRD, sustained Cr doubling, renal flare, or need for rescue therapy
Proteinuric flare: doubling of PCR
Nephritic flare: increase of 25% or more in lowest Cr, plus at least one of doubling of urinary protein clearance, new or increased hematuria, or cellular casts | 36 months |
|
| Efficacy and safety of abatacept in lupus nephritis: a twelve-month, randomized, double-blind study [22] | Abatacept | eGFR ≥ 90% of baseline, PCR < 0.25 gm/gm, inactive urinary sediment | 12 months |
|
| MAINTAIN [23] | Mycophenolate mofetil | Time to renal flare: recurrence/development of nephrotic syndrome, ≥33% increase in Cr attributed to SLE, or 3-fold increase of 24H-P within 3-month period accompanied by uRBCs, and >33% reduction of serum C3 | 48 months |
|
| Mycophenolate mofetil or intravenous cyclophosphamide for lupus nephritis [24] | Mycophenolate mofetil | Return to within 10% of normal values of Cr, 24H-P, and uRBCs | 24 weeks |
|
| ACCESS [25] | Abatacept | All of PCR < 0.5, Cr ≤ 1.2 mg/dL or ≤125% of baseline, and adherence to prednisone taper | 24 weeks |
|
