Review Article

Angiogenesis Dysregulation in the Pathogenesis of Systemic Sclerosis

Table 1

Angiogenic and antiangiogenic agents involved in SSc: imbalance between these factors is responsible for impaired angiogenesis.

Angiogenic factors in SSC
StimulatorsInhibitors

VEGF(165)VEGF(165)b
FGF-2TSP-1
PDGFPF4/CXCL4
TGF-βPTX3
MCP-1Endostatin
SDF-1/CXCL12Angiostatin
IL-8Ang-2
ET-1
uPAR
Ang-1
Kallikrein 9
Kallikrein 11
Kallikrein 12
Gro-γ/CXCL3
gGCP-2/CXCL6
Fli1
Fra-2
α-Klotho

(VEGF: vascular endothelial growth factor; FGF-2: fibroblast growth facor-2; PDGF: platelet derived growth factor; TGF-β: transforming growth factor-β; MCP-1: monocyte chemoattractant protein-1; SDF-1: stromal cell-derived factor 1; IL-8: interleukin-8; ET-1: endothelin-1; uPAR: urokinase type plasminogen activator receptors; Ang: Angiopoietin; Gro-γ: growth-regulated protein-γ; gGCP-2: granulocyte chemotactic protein 2; Fli1: Friend leukemia integration-1; Fra-2: Fos-related antigen 2; TSP-1: thrombospondin-1; PF4: platelet factor 4; PTX3: pentraxin 3).