Effects of High-Intensity Interval Training on Aerobic Capacity in Cardiac Patients: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis

Table 1

Characteristics of included studies.

Study	Country	Disease	Patient number		Mean age, year		Mode	Exercise program		Exercise duration (weeks)
			INTERVAL	CONTINUOUS	INTERVAL	CONTINUOUS		INTERVAL	CONTINUOUS
Angadi et al., 2015	US	CHF	9	6	69	71.5	TM	3 d/wk, 4 × 4 mins @ 85%–90% of peak HR, 3 min recovery	3 d/wk, 30 mins @ 70% of peak HR	4
Benda et al., 2015	Netherlands	CHF	10	10	63	64	Cycling	2 d/wk, 3.5 × 1 min @ 90%, of maximal workload, 10 periods	2 d/wk, 30 min @ 60%–75% of maximal workload	12
Cardozo et al., 2015	Brazil	CAD	23	24	56	62	TM	3 d/wk, 2 mins @ 90% of peak HR 2 min recovery @ 60% peak HR	3 d/wk, 30 mins @ 70%–75% of peak HR	16
Conraads et al., 2015	Belgium	CAD	85	89	57	59.9	Cycling	3 d/wk, 4 × 4 mins @ 90–95% of peak HR, 3 min recovery. 38 min total	3 d/wk, 37 mins @ 70–75% of peak HR. 47 min total	12
Currie et al., 2013	Canada	CAD	11	11	62	68	Cycling	2 d/wk, 10 × 1 min @ 80%–104% PPO, 1 min recovery@10% PPO	2 d/wk, 30–50 min @ 51%–65% PPO	12
Dimopoulos et al., 2006	Greece	CHF	10	14	59.2	61.5	Cycling	3 d/wk, 30 s@100% of WRp, 30 s rest, 40 min total	3 d/wk, 40 mins @ 50% of WRp	12 (36 sessions)
Freyssin et al., 2012	France	CHF	12	14	54	55	Cycling	5 d/wk, 12 × 30 s @ 50% (4 wks) + 80% (4 wks) of maximum power, 1 min recovery @ rest	5 d/wk, 45 mins @ HRVT1	8
Fu et al., 2013	Taiwan	CHF	14	13	67.5	66.3	Cycling	3 d/wk, 5 × 3 mins @ 80% of peak VO2; 3 min recovery @ 40% peak VO2	3 d/wk, 60 mins @ 60% of peak VO2	12
Iellamo et al., 2013	Italy	CHF	8	8	62.2	62.6	TM	2–5 d/wk, 2–4 × 4 mins @ 75%–80% of HHR; 3 min recovery @ 45%–50% of HHR	2–5 d/wk, 30–45 mins @ 45%–60% of HHR	12
Jaureguizar et al., 2016	Spain	CAD	36	36	58	58	TM	(15–30) × 40 s @ the first (second) steep ramp test	15–30 mins @ VT1	8
Keteyian et al., 2014	US	CAD	15	13	60	58	TM	3 d/wk, 4 × 4 mins @ 80%–90% of HRR, 3 min recovery @ 60%–70% of HRR	3 d/wk, 30 mins @ 60%–80% of HRR	10
Kim et al., 2015	Republic of Korea	CAD	14	14	57	60.2	TM; walking	3 d/wk, 4 × 4 mins @ 85%–95% of HRR, 3 min recovery @ 450%–70% of HRR. 5 min total	3 d/wk, 25 mins @ 70%–85% of HRR. 45 min total	6
Koufaki et al., 2014	UK	CHF	9	8	59.8	59.7	Cycling	3 d/wk, 2 × 10 min @ 100% of PPO, 5 min recovery @ 20%–30% of PPO	3 d/wk, 1–4 months: 3 × (7–10) mins; 5-6 months: 40 mins; @ 40%–60% of peak VO2	24
Madssen et al., 2014	Norway	CAD	15	21	55.5	60.5	TM	3 d/wk, 34 × 4 mins @ 85%–95% of peak HR, 3 min recovery @ 70% of peak HR	3 d/wk, 46 mins @ 70% of peak HR	12
Moholdt et al., 2009	Norway	CAD	28	31	60.2	62	TM	5 d/wk, 4 × 4 mins @ 90% of peak HR, 3 min recovery @ 70% peak HR, 40 min total	5 d/wk, 46 mins @ 70% of peak HR	4
Rocco et al.,   Prado et al.,	Brazil	CAD	17	20	56.5	62.5	TM	3 d/wk, 7 × 3 mins @ RCP, 7 × 3 min @ VAT. 42 min total	3 d/wk, 50 mins @ VAT	12
Roditis et al., 2007	Greece	CHF	11	10	63	61	Cycling	3 d/wk, 30 × 30 s @ 100% of WRp, 40 min total	3 d/wk, 40 mins @ 50% of WRp	12 (36 sessions)
Rognmo et al.,   Amundsen et al.,	Norway	CAD	8	9	62.9	61.2	TM; walking	3 d/wk, 4 × 4 mins @ 85%–95% of peak HR, 3 min recovery. 33 min total	3 d/wk, 41 mins @ 50%–60% of peak VO2	10
Ulbrich et al., 2016	Brazil	CHF	12	10	53.1	54	TM	3 d/wk, (4–6) × 3 mins @ 95% of peak HR, 3 min recovery @ 70% peak HR. 60 min total	3 d/wk, 30 mins @ 75% of peak HR. 60 min total	12
Warburton et al., 2005	Canada	CAD	7	7	55	57	TM	2 d/wk, 2 mins @ 90% of VO2 reserve, 2 min recovery. 30 min total	2 d/wk, 30 mins @ 65% of VO2 reserve	16
Wisløff et al., 2007	Norway	CHF	9	9	76.5	74.4	TM	3 d/wk, 4 mins @ 90%–95% of peak HR, 3 min recovery @ 50%–70% peak HR. 38 min total	3 d/wk, 47 mins @ 70%–75% of peak HR	12

INTERVAL, high-intensity interval training; CONTINUOUS, moderate-intensity continuous training; CHF, chronic heart failure; CAD, coronary artery disease; TM, treadmill; HR, heart rate; PPO, peak power output; HRR, heart rate reserve. WRp, 100% peak work rate. VAT, ventilatory anaerobic threshold. VO₂, oxygen uptake. two articles on the same study.