High Prevalence of Leptotrichia amnionii, Atopobium vaginae, Sneathia sanguinegens, and Factor 1 Microbes and Association of Spontaneous Abortion among Korean Women

Table 5

High-risk microbial patterns associated with spontaneous abortion and induced abortion.

Microbiota	Groups	Nonabortion (%)	Spontaneous abortion; (%)	Induced abortion; (%)	Univariate (ORs, 95% CI)		Multivariate (ORs, 95% CI)
					Spontaneous abortion	Induced abortion	Spontaneous abortion	Induced abortion
Factor 1	Low	29 (80.6)	11 (47.8)	60 (68.2)	1 (ref.)	1 (ref.)	1 (ref.)	1 (ref.)
	High	7 (19.4)	12 (52.2)	28 (31.8)	4.51 (1.41–14.5)	1.93 (0.76–4.95)	16.4 (1.88–42.5)	2.63 (0.87–7.92)
Atopobium vaginae	Low	29 (80.6)	10 (43.5)	61 (69.3)	1 (ref.)	1 (ref.)	1 (ref.)	1 (ref.)
	High	7 (19.4)	13 (56.5)	27 (30.7)	5.38; (1.68–17.29)	1.83; (0.72–4.7)	11.27; (1.57–81.00)	2.42; (0.82–7.16)
Leptotrichia amnionii	Low	32 (88.9)	15 (65.2)	63 (74.9)	1 (ref.)	1 (ref.)	1 (ref.)	1 (ref.)
	High	4 (11.1)	8 (34.8)	25 (28.1)	4.26; (1.11–16.42)	3.17; (1.02–9.91)	11.47; (1.22–107.94)	4.17; (1.05–16.49)
Sneathia sanguinegens	Low	32 (88.9)	14 (60.9)	74 (84.1)	1 (ref.)	1 (ref.)	1 (ref.)	1 (ref.)
	High	4 (11.1)	9 (39.1)	14 (15.9)	5.14 (1.35–19.54)	1.51; (0.46–4.95)	6.89; (1.07–44.33)	1.41; (0.39–5.05)
Megasphaera spp.	Low	31 (86.1)	15 (65.2)	71 (80.7)	1 (ref.)	1 (ref.)	1 (ref.)	1 (ref.)
	High	5 (13.9)	8 (34.8)	17 (19.3)	3.30; (0.92–11.85)	1.48; (0.5–4.38)	4.99; (0.81–30.82)	2.61; (0.71–9.57)
Gardnerella vaginalis	Low	29 (80.6)	14 (60.8)	59 (67.1)	1 (ref.)	1 (ref.)	1 (ref.)	1 (ref.)
	High	7 (19.4)	9 (39.2)	29 (32.9)	2.66; (0.82–8.63)	2.03; (0.8–5.2)	1.16; (0.16–8.32)	2.47; (0.83–7.32)

ORs, 95% CIs were calculated by multivariate logistic regression after controlling for age, menopause, BMI, smoking, alcohol, and HPV. The low- and high-abundance microbiota were defined by the low tertile and high tertile, respectively.