Imaging of Myocardial Fibrosis in Patients with End-Stage Renal Disease: Current Limitations and Future Possibilities

Table 4

Studies that have used myocardial native T1 mapping in hemodialysis patients. 3 T, 3-Tesla; MOLLI, modified look-locker inversion; HD, hemodialysis; ms, millisecond; GCS, global circumferential strain; GLS, global longitudinal strain.

Study	Imaging Platform and T1 mapping sequence	Patient characteristics	Results	Limitations
Rutherford et al. [70]	3 T platform; MOLLI sequence	33 incident HD patients, 28 age- and sex-matched healthy controls	Mean native T1 values significantly higher in HD patients compared to controls (1171 ± 27 ms versus 1154 ± 32 ms, ). Native T1 correlated LV mass index (, ) and septal T1 values correlated with predialysis highly sensitive Troponin-T (, )	No tissue correlation; Healthy control patients
Graham-Brown et al. [71]	3 T platform; MOLLI sequence	35 HD patients,; 22 comorbid matched controls	Median (interquartile range) native T1 times were significantly higher in HD patients compared to controls (1269.51 ms (1241.72–1289.01) versus 1085.2 ms (1066–1109.2, ). Native T1 times were significantly higher in the interventricular septum of HD patients, compared to nonseptal myocardium (1292.7 ms (1258.9–1310.4) versus 1252.3 (1219.2–1269.6), ). Significant correlations between GCS, GLS, and native T1 values (, , , and )	No tissue correlation No circulating biomarkers of cardiac disease or fibrosis
Wang et al.	3 T platform; MOLLI sequence	32 HD patients; 35 healthy volunteers	Mean (±standard deviation) native T1 values significantly above the normal range for imaging at 3 T (1273.4 ± 41.7 ms), but not significantly higher than control patients within this study (1253.1 ± 71.6 ms)	Control group native T1 values significantly above the normal range. No tissue correlation