| | Characteristics | Red cell distribution width (%) | | ()
≤12.4% | ()
12.5%–12.9% | ()
13.0%–13.7% | ()
>13.7% |
| | Age (years), mean ± SD | 58 ± 14 | 62 ± 14 | 64 ± 12 | 65 ± 13 | <0.001 | | Women, (%) | 401 (48%) | 347 (47%) | 351 (48%) | 424 (57%) | <0.001 | | African-American, (%) | 109 (13%) | 141 (19%) | 213 (29%) | 314 (42%) | <0.001 | | Ever smoker (%) | 412 (50%) | 372 (51%) | 372 (51%) | 408 (55%) | 0.22 | | History of MI, (%) | 50 (6%) | 73 (10%) | 105 (14%) | 147 (20%) | <0.001 | | History of HF, (%) | 31 (4%) | 50 (7%) | 91 (13%) | 157 (21%) | <0.001 | | History of malignancy, (%) | 104 (13%) | 85 (12%) | 96 (13%) | 130 (17%) | 0.017 | | History of stroke, (%) | 50 (6%) | 62 (9%) | 89 (12%) | 112 (15%) | <0.001 | | BMI (kg/m2), mean ± SD | 30 ± 6 | 31 ± 7 | 33 ± 7 | 33 ± 9 | <0.001 | | SBP (mmHg), mean ± SD | 131 ± 21 | 134 ± 22 | 133 ± 21 | 135 ± 23 | 0.001 | | Hemoglobin (g/dL), mean ± SD | 14.5 ± 1.4 | 14.1 ± 1.4 | 13.8 ± 1.4 | 12.8 ± 1.7 | <0.001 | | eGFR (ml/min per 1.73 m2), mean ± SD | 90 ± 24 | 83 ± 25 | 80 ± 26 | 71 ± 31 | <0.001 | | CKD (eGFR < 60), (%) | 105 (13%) | 143 (19%) | 173 (24%) | 262 (35%) | <0.001 | | Retinopathy, (%) | 183 (22%) | 168 (23%) | 165 (22%) | 188 (25%) | 0.77 | | UACR, median [IQR] | 0.12 [0.06–0.37] | 0.14 [0.07–0.44] | 0.17 [0.07–0.61] | 0.25 [0.08–0.96] | <0.001 | | Total cholesterol (mg/dL), mean ± SD | 197 ± 45 | 192 ± 45 | 188 ± 44 | 188 ± 54 | <0.001 | | Hemoglobin A1c (%), median [IQR] | 7.1 [6.2–8.6] | 7.0 [6.1–8.3] | 6.9 [6.2–8.0] | 6.8 [6.1–7.7] | <0.001 | | Random blood glucose (mg/dL), median [IQR] | 139 [106–205] | 136 [106–186] | 128 [101–172] | 125 [98–170] | <0.001 | | CRP (mg/dL), median [IQR] | 0.24 [0.10–0.54] | 0.25 [0.12–0.55] | 0.34 [0.14–0.74] | 0.45 [0.20–1.03] | <0.001 | | Medications | | | | | | | Oral antidiabetic, (%) | 532 (63%) | 515 (70%) | 530 (72%) | 520 (69%) | 0.002 | | Metformin, (%) | 334 (40%) | 354 (48%) | 357 (48%) | 309 (41%) | <0.001 | | Insulin, (%) | 185 (22%) | 167 (23%) | 208 (28%) | 234 (31%) | <0.001 | | Aspirin, (%) | 35 (4%) | 29 (4%) | 39 (5%) | 40 (5%) | 0.43 | | ACE/ARB, (%) | 390 (47%) | 376 (51%) | 430 (58%) | 412 (55%) | <0.001 | | Statins, (%) | 283 (34%) | 307 (42%) | 337 (46%) | 326 (44%) | <0.001 | | Diuretic, (%) | 181 (22%) | 191 (26%) | 260 (35%) | 321 (43%) | <0.001 | | Number of deaths | | | | | | | All-cause mortality | 110 (13.1%) | 134 (18.2%) | 146 (19.8%) | 238 (31.8%) | — | | Cardiovascular mortality | 30 (3.6%) | 39 (5.3%) | 48 (6.5%) | 63 (8.4%) | — |
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: myocardial infarction, HF: heart failure, SBP: systolic blood pressure, eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate, CKD: chronic kidney disease, UACR: urinary albumin to creatinine ratio, CRP: C-reactive protein, ACE: angiotensin convertase enzyme inhibitor, and ARB: angiotensin receptor blockers.
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