Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics Evaluation of Tramadol in Thermoreversible Gels

Table 1

Tramadol pharmacokinetics parameters: 1/2, max, , , max, CL, , and MRT after the injection (SC) of F1, F2, F3, and F4 in rabbits. Data expressed as mean (±SD).

	F1	F2	F3	F4
1/2 (h)	1.41 ± 0.31	2.46 ± 0.86	2.35 ± 1.28	7.55 ± 11.52
max (h)	0.45 ± 0.20	0.750 ± 0.671	0.54 ± 0.18	1.83 ± 2.45
max (ng⋅mL^−1)	1563.82 ± 404.77	1452.95 ± 200.34	1374.93 ± 314.63	756.81 ± 490.89
(ng-h⋅L^−1)	2581.86 ± 1417.41	4971.81 ± 1695.77	3320.01 ± 1445.91	1307.32 ± 704.39
(ng-h⋅L^−1)	2658.33 ± 1498.56	5894.02 ± 2791.82	4533.81 ± 1267.25	1992.07 ± 117.42
(L)	10.13 ± 6.01	6.24 ± 0.70	7.14 ± 2.31	16.81 ± 2.48
CL (L⋅h^−1)	5.33 ± 3.62	1.95 ± 0.69	2.41 ± 0.97	5.03 ± 0.29
MRT (h)	1.65 ± 0.60	2.72 ± 0.42	2.66 ± 0.71	2.96 ± 1.18

Statistical analysis: F1 versus F2; F1 versus F4; F2 versus F4; F3 versus F4; [], [], and [], ANOVA/Tukey-Kramer.