Impact of an Intensive Perinatal Handwashing Promotion Intervention on Maternal Handwashing Behavior in the Neonatal Period: Findings from a Randomized Controlled Trial in Rural Bangladesh
Table 3
Handwashing behavior before breastfeeding and after fecal contact, as measured by structured observations, by treatment arm, Matlab, Bangladesh, 2010-11.
Control group
Intervention group
Risk difference
Adjusted risk difference1, 2
Risk ratio (95% CI)
Adjusted risk ratio1, 2 (95% CI)
Before breastfeeding
Number of events observed
396
410
HWWS
6 (2)
31 (8)
0.0649 (0.0307, 0.992)
5.11 (1.89, 13.85)
5.18 (1.91, 14.00)
HWW
16 (4)
26 (6)
0.0276 (−0.0050, 0.0601)
0.0278 (−0.0049, 0.0605)
1.67 (0.91, 3.08)
1.67 (0.90, 3.09)
No HW
374 (94)
353 (86)
Referent
Referent
Referent
Referent
After fecal contact
Observed events
219
242
HWWS
10 (5)
33 (14)
0.1027 (0.0401, 0.1652)
2.99 (1.42, 6.30)
3.21 (1.53, 6.77)
HWW
25 (11)
28 (12)
0.0144 (−0.0547, 0.0834)
0.0081 (−0.0613, 0.0775)
1.12 (0.65, 1.92)
1.17 (0.67, 2.04)
No HW
184 (84)
181 (75)
Referent
Referent
Referent
Referent
HWWS: handwashing with soap. HWW: handwashing with water. HW: handwashing. 1Comparison of HWWS versus no HW. 2Adjusted for mother’s education (if included water source, no convergence). convergence using log binomial or Poisson model.