Comparison of Different Contrast Agents in Detecting Cardiac Right-to-Left Shunt in Patients with a Patent Foramen Ovale during Contrast-Transthoracic Echocardiography

Figure 2

Semiquantitative grading of a patent foramen ovale-right-to-left shunt by transthoracic echocardiography using the bubble test. (a) No right-to-left shunt. (b) Mild right-to-left shunt (1–10 microbubbles in the left atrium). (c) Moderate right-to-left shunt (11–30 microbubbles in the left atrium). (d) Extensive right-to-left shunt (more than 30 microbubbles in the left atrium or left atrial opacity). LA = left atrium; RA = right atrium; LV = left ventricle; RV = right ventricle.

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