Research Article
Prevalence and Complications of Pregestational and Gestational Diabetes in Saudi Women: Analysis from Riyadh Mother and Baby Cohort Study (RAHMA)
Table 2
Comparison of the maternal and neonatal outcomes between women with pregestational diabetes, those with gestational diabetes, and nondiabetic women.
| | Characteristic | Nondiabetic
(71.5) | GDM
(24.2) | Pre-GDM
(4.3) | value |
| | Pregnancy | | | | | | Single | 6763 (97.3) | 2282 (96.9) | 403 (96.4) | 0.42 | | Multiple | 188 (2.7) | 72 (3.1) | 15 (3.6) | | | Gestational age (for live births) | | | | | | 24–34 weeks | 143 (2.1) | 59 (2.5) | 11 (2.7) | <0.01 | | 34–36 weeks | 398 (5.8) | 137 (5.9) | 48 (11.9) | | | 37–41 weeks | 6190 (90.6) | 2092 (90.3) | 341 (84.4) | | | More than 41 weeks | 104 (1.5) | 30 (1.3) | 4 (1.0) | | | Induced labour | 1108 (16.0) | 420 (17.9) | 95 (22.8) | <0.001 | | Birth weight (full term) | | | | | | Normal (2.5–3.9 kg) | 5770 (91.6) | 1906 (89.6) | 311 (88.4) | <0.001 | | LBW < 2.5 kg | 374 (5.9) | 118 (5.5) | 19 (5.4) | | | Macrosomia ≥ 4.0 kg | 156 (2.5) | 103 (4.8) | 22 (6.2) | | | Stillbirth | 60 (0.9) | 22 (0.9) | 12 (2.9) | <0.01 | | Shoulder dystocia | 26 (0.4) | 8 (0.3) | 5 (1.2) | 0.03 | | Neonatal admission to NICU | 281(4.1) | 110 (4.7) | 33 (8.0) | 0.001 | | APGAR < 7 (for full term) | 42 (0.7) | 21 (1.0) | 11 (3.1) | <0.001 | | Hypertension disorder | | | | | | Preexisting hypertension | 69 (1.0) | 32 (1.4) | 18 (4.3) | <0.01 | | Gestational hypertension | 90 (1.3) | 43 (1.8) | 18 (4.3) | <0.01 | | Preeclampsia/superimposed | 74 (1.1) | 24 (1.0) | 9 (2.2) | 0.12 | | Mode of delivery | | | | | | Vaginal | 4958 (71.9) | 1585 (67.6) | 239 (57.5) | <0.01 | | Instrumental | 284 (4.1) | 84 (3.6) | 11 (2.6) | | | Cesarean section | 1657 (24.0) | 675 (28.8) | 166 (39.9) | | Structural anomalies
detected by antenatal USS | 97 (1.4) | 35 (1.5) | 8 (1.9) | 0.67 |
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Data expressed as (%). GDM: gestational diabetes mellitus; Pre-GDM: preexisting gestational diabetes mellitus; NICU: neonatal intensive care unit; LBW: low birth weight; USS: ultrasound scan.
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