Research Article
Examining Health Inequalities in Latvia: A Decade of Association between Socioeconomic Position and Perceived Health Status
Table 2
Descriptive statistics.
| Variables | 2015 | 2010 | 2005 |
| Age group (in years) | [] | [] | [] | <30 | 16.66 | 21.15 | 22.63 | 31–44 | 18.97 | 19.41 | 21.99 | 45–60 | 27.16 | 26.98 | 25.15 | 61–74 | 21.31 | 20.05 | 19.69 | 75+ | 15.90 | 12.41 | 10.54 | Age group (in years) by gender | Female (%) | Female (%) | Female (%) | <30 | 14.20 | 18.38 | 19.35 | 31–44 | 16.96 | 17.92 | 20.51 | 45–60 | 26.09 | 26.25 | 24.86 | 61–74 | 23.08 | 21.72 | 21.92 | 75+ | 19.67 | 15.73 | 13.36 | Settlement of residence (%) | | | | | | | Urban | 71.87 | 65.49 | ¥ | Rural | 28.13 | 34.51 | ¥ | Perceived health status distribution (%) | | | | Very good | 3.83 | 3.82 | 2.46 | Good | 37.14 | 39.67 | 30.54 | Average | 40.06 | 36.77 | 43.62 | Bad | 15.21 | 15.81 | 17.33 | Very bad | 3.76 | 3.93 | 6.05 | Perceived health status (%) (gender = female) | | | | | | | Very good | 2.99 | 3.03 | 1.64 | Good | 33.97 | 36.30 | 26.94 | Average | 41.50 | 38.55 | 44.32 | Bad | 17.07 | 17.60 | 19.91 | Very bad | 4.47 | 4.52 | 7.19 | Denial of needed healthcare services Reason (% of denied services) | 12.36 | 21.35 | 29.66 | Affordability | 59.48 | 63.32 | 57.43 | Distance | 3.32 | 2.76 | 2.09 | Work/childcare | 5.87 | 7.31 | 11.74 | Chronic disease (%) | 46.01 | 38.87 | 37.72 | Disability (%) | 42.58 | 34.57 | 34.66 | Working status (%) | | | | | | | Employed | 49.31 | 41.85 | 50.12 | Retired | 31.20 | 29.99 | 29.42 | Ownership of house (%) | 81.72 | 85.41 | 78.91 | Overall condition of dwelling unit as bad (%) | 24.92 | 25.19 | 39.90 | Vulnerable neighborhood security/safety (%) | 11.69 | 22.40 | 21.82 | Ownership of car (%) | 55.12 | 51.43 | 42.61 | Ownership of computer (%) | 71.72 | 59.64 | 33.67 | Ease of survival; ability to make both ends meet (%), with difficulty | 78.49 | 85.48 | 86.98 | Ease of paying the loan (%), with difficulty | 72.52 | 82.47 | 79.81 | Adult equivalent household income (€) | | | | | | | Mean | 11627.90 | 8899.24 | 3197.83 | Median | 9570.68 | 7195.88 | 2578.24 | Gini coefficient | 0.365 | 0.360 | 0.357 | Socioeconomic position (SEP) distribution (%) | | | | | | | Poorest | 24.00 | 22.12 | 21.36 | 2nd poorest | 21.07 | 21.47 | 21.13 | Middle | 19.17 | 19.89 | 19.94 | 2nd richest | 18.54 | 18.36 | 19.34 | Richest | 17.22 | 18.16 | 18.23 | Distribution of perceived health (%) across SEP | Average | Bad and very bad | Average | Bad and very bad | Average | Bad and very bad | Poorest | 26.13 | 52.21 | 24.32 | 43.88 | 18.82 | 39.30 | 2nd poorest | 23.65 | 23.50 | 23.43 | 27.94 | 20.74 | 29.86 | Middle | 19.04 | 13.13 | 21.14 | 14.09 | 21.93 | 15.77 | 2nd richest | 17.63 | 7.93 | 16.84 | 9.00 | 19.92 | 10.57 | Richest | 13.55 | 3.23 | 14.28 | 5.09 | 18.59 | 4.50 | Chi-square () | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
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¥: no data of the variable is available in the wave.
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