The Effect of Small Sample Size on Measurement Equivalence of Psychometric Questionnaires in MIMIC Model: A Simulation Study

Figure 1

A MIMIC model for detecting uniform-DIF in 5-item scale. Rectangles are observed variables; circles are latent variables; γ: the regression coefficient displaying the mean difference on the latent trait; : threshold parameter; β: the regression coefficient displaying the group difference in the threshold for item and the grouping variables; : the measurement error for item ; ζ: a residual for latent trait (θ). Note. Item 2 to item 5 constitute the DIF free, when item 1 is tested for uniform-DIF.