Maternal Prepregnancy BMI and Glucose Level at 24–28 Gestational Weeks on Offspring’s Overweight Status within 3 Years of Age
Table 3
Odds ratio and 95% confidence interval of macrosomia at birth or childhood overweight/obesity during early life according to different categories of maternal prepregnancy body mass index and glucose level at 24–28 gestational weeks.
Prepregnancy body mass index (kg/m2)
BMI as a continuous variable (1-unit increase)
Glucose level (mmol/L)
Glucose level as a continuous variable (1-unit increase)
<18.5
18.5–23.99
24.0–27.99
≥28
<7.8
≥7.8
Number of subjects
2,394
13,602
4,055
1,303
21,354
17,321
4,033
21,354
Macrosomia at birth
Model 1
0.47 (0.38–0.58)
1.00
1.64 (1.47–1.82)
2.51 (2.15–2.93)
1.13 (1.12–1.14)
1.00
1.43 (1.28–1.59)
1.18 (1.14–1.21)
Model 2
0.49 (0.39–0.60)
1.00
1.56 (1.40–1.74)
2.31 (1.97–2.70)
1.12 (1.11–1.13)
1.00
1.27 (1.14–1.42)
1.13 (1.10–1.17)
Overweight/obesity at 12th month
Model 3
0.78 (0.70–0.87)
1.00
1.21 (1.11–1.32)
1.33 (1.17–1.53)
1.05 (1.04–1.06)
1.00
1.10 (1.01–1.19)
1.02 (1.00–1.04)
Model 4
0.78 (0.70–0.88)
1.00
1.21 (1.11–1.32)
1.33 (1.16–1.52)
1.05 (1.04–1.06)
1.00
1.06 (0.97–1.15)
1.01 (0.99–1.03)
Overweight/obesity at 24th month
Model 3
0.69 (0.61–0.79)
1.00
1.30 (1.18–1.42)
1.90 (1.66–2.18)
1.07 (1.06–1.08)
1.00
0.98 (0.90–1.07)
1.01 (0.98–1.03)
Model 4
0.69 (0.6–0.79)
1.00
1.30 (1.19–1.43)
1.91 (1.67–2.20)
1.07 (1.06–1.08)
1.00
0.92 (0.84–1.01)
0.99 (0.96–1.01)
Overweight/obesity at 36th month
Model 3
0.60 (0.51–0.70)
1.00
1.51 (1.37–1.66)
2.25 (1.95–2.59)
1.11 (1.09–1.12)
1.00
1.16 (1.05–1.28)
1.03 (1.00–1.06)
Model 4
0.60 (0.51–0.70)
1.00
1.50 (1.36–1.66)
2.24 (1.94–2.59)
1.11 (1.10–1.12)
1.00
1.06 (0.96–1.17)
1.00 (0.97–1.02)
Model 1 adjusted for maternal age, ethnicity, education, smoking status, history of abortion, systolic blood pressure at 24–28 gestational weeks, gestational age at delivery, and child sex. Model 2 adjusted for variables in Model 1 and also for glucose level (in prepregnancy BMI analyses) or prepregnancy BMI (in glucose level analyses). Model 3 adjusted for variables in Model 1 and also for birthweight and mode of infant feeding. Model 4 adjusted for variables in Model 2 and also for birthweight and mode of infant feeding.
