Skeletal Muscle and Lymphocyte Mitochondrial Dysfunctions in Septic Shock Trigger ICU-Acquired Weakness and Sepsis-Induced Immunoparalysis

Figure 2

Nucleus-mitochondria crosstalk for apoptosis and mitochondrial hormesis induction: key role of PGC-1α, Tfam, and NRF-1/2. (i) Activation of caspase-3 and caspase-7 after mPTP opening leading to apoptosis. (ii) Activation of mitochondrial hormesis in response to stress stimulation (i.e., β-adrenergic). PGC-1α plays a pivotal role for transcription of both nuclear and mitochondrial genes leading to increased mitohormesis. PGC-1α: peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator 1α; NRF-1/2: nuclear respiratory factor 1/2; Tfam: mitochondrial transcription factor A; mtDNA: mitochondrial desoxyribonucleic acid; Ca⁺⁺: ionized calcium; mPTP: mitochondrial permeability transition pore; Cyt c: cytochrome c.