Recombinant Immunotoxin Therapy of Glioblastoma: Smart Design, Key Findings, and Specific Challenges

Table 2

Clinical development of RITs for glioblastoma therapy.

RITs	Clinical trials	Status	Outcome and side effects	Ref.
D2C7(scdsFv)-PE38 (D2C7-IT)	Phase I/II	Ongoing	N/A	NCT02303678
IL-4(38-37)-PE38KDEL (cpIL4-PE)	Phase I/II	Ongoing	MS: 4.7 months; six-month survival: 36%	[113–115]
			Headache, seizure, weakness, dysphasia, hydrocephalus	NCT00014677
IL13-PE38QQR (IL-13PE)	Phase I/II/III	Not active	MS: 42.7 weeks in phase II and 36.4 weeks in phase III	[116–119]
			Headache, dysphasia, seizure, weakness, pulmonary embolism
TGFα-PE38 (TP38)	Phase I	Discontinued	MS: 28 weeks (95% CI, 4.1–45.1)	[58, 59, 120, 121]
			Grade 3 hemiparesis, grade 4 fatigue, headache, dysphasia
			Less effective in >80% intracranial infusions
DAB389EGF	Phase I/II	Discontinued	N/A	[122]
MR1-1(Fv)-PE38 (MR1-1)	Phase I	Discontinued	Low accrual	[123]

MS, median survival.