The Role of Three-Dimensional Scaffolds in Treating Long Bone Defects: Evidence from Preclinical and Clinical Literature—A Systematic Review

Table 1

Complete details of 12 preclinical papers identified in this systematic review focusing on the usefulness of scaffolds alone in treating long bone defects.

Authors	Biomaterials	Animal model	Results	Effects
Boyde et al., 1999; (Bone) [19]	(1) HA	Sheep tibial defect (3.5 cm)	SEM: +; BSE: +	+
Marcacci et al., 1999; (Cal Tiss Int) [20]	(1) HA	Sheep tibial defect (3.5 cm)	X-ray: +; Hist: +	+
Zhang et al., 2001; (J Biomat Mat Res) [21]	(1) HA-TCP	Dog femoral defect (1.5 cm)	Mech: +	+
Mastrogiacomo et al., 2006; (J Tiss Eng) [22]	(1) Si-TCP	Sheep tibial defect (4.8 cm)	X-ray: +; Hist: +; µCT: +	+
Sarsilmaz et al., 2007; (Acta of Bioeng & Biomech) [23]	(1) HA-PE	Dog radial defect (1.5 cm)	X-ray: +; Hist: +; SEM: +	+
Schneiders et al., 2009; (J Orth Res) [24]	(1) HA-COL; (2) HA-COL-CS	Sheep tibial defect (3 cm)	X-ray: +; Hist: +; µCT +	+; (for HA-COL-CS)
Nandi et al., 2009; (Res Vet Sci) [25]	(1) Untreated; (2) Bioactive glass	Sheep radial defect (1.2 cm)	X-ray: +; Hist: +	+
Nair et al., 2010; (J Tiss Eng Pt A) [26]	(1) HASi	Goat femoral defect (2 cm)	X-ray: +; Hist: +; µCT: +	+
Reichert et al., 2011; (Int Ortho) [27]	(1) Untreated; (2) mPCL-TCP; (3) PLDLLA-TCP-PCL; (4) ABG	Sheep tibial defect (2 cm)	X-ray: +; Hist: +; µCT: +; Mech: +	+; (similar results of ABG)
Rentsch et al., 2012; (Biomatter) [28]	(1) PCL-Coll I-CS	Sheep tibial defect (3 cm)	X-ray: +; Hist: +; µCT: +; Mec: +	+
Kim et al., 2015; (Biomed Res Inter) [29]	(1) HA/alumina; (2) HA/alumina-medullary canal (3 mm)	Dog tibial defect (2 cm)	X-ray: +; µCT: +; Fluorescent labelling: +	+; (for HA/alumina-medullary canal)
Li et al., 2016; (Biomed Mat) [30]	(1) Baghdadite; (2) Baghdadite-PCL-nBG	Sheep tibial defect (3 cm)	X-ray: =; Hist: =; µCT: =; Mech: +	+; (for Baghdadite-PCL-nBG)

HA: hydroxyapatite, HA-TCP: hydroxyapatite-tricalcium phosphate, Si-TCP: silicon stabilized tricalcium phosphate, HA-PE: hydroxyapatite-polyethylene, HA-COL: hydroxyapatite-collagen, HA-COL-CS: hydroxyapatite-collagen-chondroitin sulphate, HASi: calcium silicate, tricalcium phosphate, and hydroxyapatite, mPCL-TCP: medical grade polycaprolactone-tricalcium phosphate, (PLDLLA)- TCP-PCL: poly(L-lactide-co-D,L-lactide)- polycaprolactone-tricalcium phosphate, ABG: autologous bone graft, PCL-Coll I-CS: polycaprolactone-collagen- chondroitin sulphate, HA-alumina: hydroxyapatite-alumina, Baghdadite: Ca₃ZrSi₂O₉, Baghdadite-PCL-nBG: Ca₃ZrSi₂O₉-polycaprolactone-bioactive glass nanoparticles, SEM: scanning electron microscopy, BSE: backscattered electron imaging, Hist: histological analysis, µCT: microcomputed tomography, Mech: mechanical analysis, X-ray: radiological analysis, +: positive effects, −: negative effects, and : no significant difference.