Central Systolic Hypertension in Patients with Well-Controlled Hypertension

Table 7

Aortic stiffness parameters. Division of patients into subgroups according to blood pressure differences. (A) Higher or lower CSBP than the cut-off value of 130 mmHg for central systolic hypertension (equal for women and men). (B) Sex-specific classification: hypertension in women = CSBP ≥ 137 mmHg; hypertension in men = CSBP ≥ 133 mmHg. (C) Lower CSBP than brachial systolic blood pressure or higher CSBP than brachial blood systolic pressure.

	Whole group	(A)			(B)			(C)
		Division according to cut-off value 130 mmHg			Division according to sex-specific criteria of CSBP			Division according to CSBP to brachial BP
		Normotension	Hypertension	value	Normotension	Hypertension	value	Lower CSBP than brachial systolic BP	Higher CSBP than brachial systolic BP	value
		CSBP < 130 mmHg	CSBP ≥ 130 mmHg		Male CSBP < 133	Male CSBP ≥ 133
					Female CSBP < 137	Female CSBP ≥ 137
Number of patients ()	100	38	62		87	13		45	55
Males/females ()	38/62	19/19	19/43		37/50	1/12		27/18	11/44
Age (years)	64.0 ± 10.7	64.2 ± 11.7	63.9 ± 10.1		63 ± 11	69 ± 9		61.2 ± 12.4	66.3 ± 8.5
Height (cm)	169.3 ± 9.2	171.4 ± 10.0	167.9 ± 8.5		170.3 ± 9.1	162.2 ± 7.1		173.0 ± 9.3	166.2 ± 8.0
Weight (kg)	80.2 ± 15.4	83.5 ± 16.2	78.2 ± 14.7		81.9 ± 15.6	68.8 ± 8.1		87.1 ± 17.4	74.6 ± 2.4
BMI (kg/m^2)	27.9 ± 3.9	28.3 ± 4.2	27.6 ± 3.9		28.1 ± 3.9	26.2 ± 3.4		28.9 ± 4.4	27.0 ± 3.3
PWVao (m/s)	9.6 ± 1.8	9.3 ± 1.8	9.7 ± 1.7		9.4 ± 1.7	10.2 ± 1.7		9.2 ± 1.6	9.8 ± 1.8
RT (ms)	113.5 ± 21.6	119.2 ± 22.3	110.1 ± 20.6		115.4 ± 22.1	101.2 ± 13.3		121.8 ± 22.2	106.8 ± 18.7
Aix brachial (%)	0.04 ± 1.80	−14.8 ± 20.1	+9.2 ± 23.5		−2.7 ± 25.5	+18.6 ± 9.9		−21.1 ± 17.1	+17.3 ± 15.4
Aix aortic (%)	32.7 ± 10.3	26.5 ± 8.9	36.4 ± 9.4		31.3 ± 10.3	41.9 ± 4.2		23.7 ± 7.3	40.0 ± 5.7
CSBP	123.2 ± 12.1	111.0 ± 7.1	130.6 ± 7.5		120.2 ± 10.0	142.7 ± 2.1		116 ± 10.1	129 ± 10.3
Brachial systolic BP	123.6 ± 10.1	114.9 ± 8.9	128.9 ± 6.5		121.6 ± 9.3	136.7 ± 1.8		121.9 ± 11.0	125.0 ± 9.2
Δc-bSBP (mmHg)	−0.41 ± 5.9	−3.9 ± 4.2	+1.8 ± 5.3		−1.4 ± 5.7	+5.9 ± 1.6		−5.8 ± 4.2	+4.0 ± 2.3
Brachial/central SBP ratio	1.01 ± 0.04	1.04 ± 0.05	0.99 ± 0.04		1.01 ± 0.05	0.96 ± 0.01		1.05 ± 0.04	0.97 ± 0.02
Pulse pressure, PP (mmHg)	48.8 ± 7.3	46.7 ± 7.3	50.7 ± 6.6		47.4 ± 6.4	58.1 ± 5.9		45.1 ± 10.6	51.6 ± 9.7
Heart rate (b/min)	62.6 ± 8.5	64.5 ± 8.3	61.4 ± 8.5		62.8 ± 8.7	60.8 ± 0.6		65.2 ± 8.5	60.4 ± 8.3
ED (ms)	324.1 ± 25.4	318.3 ± 26.4	327.6 ± 24.2		322.8 ± 25.6	332.2 ± 23.5		315.7 ± 23.1	330.9 ± 25.2
DRA	41.2 ± 12.0	43.5 ± 11.9	39.8 ± 11.0		41.7 ± 11.9	37.7 ± 13.1		45.8 ± 13	37.4 ± 9.8
LVH (), (%)	44 (44%)	10 (26%)	34 (55%)		37 (43%)	7 (54%)		19 (42%)	25 (46%)
GFR [ml/(min/m^2)]	81.3 ± 23.3	85.9 ± 27.1	78.4 ± 20.3		82.9 ± 23.5	70.6 ± 20.2		87.8 ± 25.9	76.2 ± 19.8

PWVao: pulse wave velocity in the aorta; Aix brachial: brachial augmentation index; Aix aortic: aortic augmentation index; ED: duration of ejection from the left ventricle; RT: return time; CSBP: central systolic blood pressure = systolic blood pressure in the aorta; Δc-bSBP: difference between central and brachial systolic blood pressure. DRA: diastolic reflection area.