New Frontiers in Genetics, Gut Microbiota, and Immunity: A Rosetta Stone for the Pathogenesis of Inflammatory Bowel Disease

Figure 2

Environmental risk factors involved in IBD pathogenesis. External environmental factors such as air pollution, UV and heavy metal exposure, smoking, and diet, together with some internal environmental factors such as gut microbiota dysbiosis and appendectomy, play significant roles in the development of IBD.