Exploring the Concept of Degrees of Maternal Morbidity as a Tool for Surveillance of Maternal Health in Latin American and Caribbean Settings
Table 3
Crude (PR) and adjusted (APR) estimated risks of maternal death (MD) and of maternal near miss (MNM) according to some maternal and obstetric characteristics. CLAP 2009–2012.
Characteristics
No morbidity
MD
PR (95% CI)
APR (95% CI)
MNM
PR (95% CI)
APR (95% CI)
Maternal age (years)
10–19
108,907
276
1.15 [0.89–1.48]
1.43 [0.87–2.35]
5,689
1.21 [1.14–1.27]
1.13 [1.05–1.21]
20–24
128,968
285
Ref.
Ref.
5,530
Ref.
Ref.
25–29
96,493
187
0.88 [0.74–1.04]
0.79 [0.63–0.98]
4,433
1.07 [0.98–1.16]
1.06 [0.97–1.17]
30–34
64,458
169
1.19 [0.89–1.58]
0.79 [0.61–1.02]
3,432
1.23 [1.12–1.35]
1.12 [0.95–1.32]
35–55
40,585
109
1.21 [0.67–2.19]
0.72 [0.37–1.40]
2,811
1.58 [1.40–1.78]
1.39 [1.04–1.87]
Ethnicity/skin colour
White
91,116
175
Ref.
Ref.
6,556
Ref.
Ref.
Mixed
298,612
231
0.40 [0.11–1.42]
0.35 [0.13–0.98]
12,082
0.58 [0.29–1.14]
0.70 [0.47–1.04]
Others
19,328
594
15.55 [4.66–51.96]
18.95 [8.01–44.86]
1,749
1.24 [0.76–2.00]
1.09 [0.84–1.42]
Literacy
No or primary
203,185
379
0.68 [0.41–1.12]
0.90 [0.58–1.37]
8,418
0.73 [0.62–0.85]
0.96 [0.79–1.16]
Secondary or university
217,307
600
Ref.
Ref.
12,616
Ref.
Ref.
Marital status
Married + stable part
364,380
825
Ref.
Ref.
17,369
Ref.
Ref.
Single + other
56,037
142
1.12 [0.66–1.89]
0.87 [0.64–1.18]
3,695
1.36 [1.10–1.68]
1.23 [1.09–1.38]
Parity
Nullipara
153,659
350
0.93 [0.71–1.23]
0.64 [0.36–1.12]
9,963
1.50 [1.37–1.65]
1.32 [1.16–1.50]
Multipara
250,299
612
Ref.
Ref.
10,577
Ref.
Ref.
Any previous condition
Yes
14,493
90
2.75 [1.20–6.29]
2.29 [1.53–3.41]
2,542
3.63 [2.39–5.52]
2.49 [1.88–3.30]
No
398,396
897
Ref.
Ref.
17,059
Ref.
Ref.
Number of prenatal care visits
0
30,445
60
0.84 [0.47–1.51]
1.05 [0.52–2.11]
1,910
1.22 [0.85–1.74]
1.52 [1.23–1.87]
1–4
115,059
328
1.21 [0.91–1.62]
1.00 [0.81–1.22]
5,623
0.96 [0.79–1.18]
1.21 [1.02–1.45]
>4
252,273
592
Ref.
Ref.
12,822
Ref.
Ref.
Smoking, drugs, alcohol, or violence
Yes
30,559
76
0.95 [0.16–5.46]
0.87 [0.48–1.58]
2,255
1.70 [1.07–2.70]
1.18 [1.11–1.26]
No
288,779
760
Ref.
Ref.
12,176
Ref.
Ref.
Previous C-section
Yes
50,662
149
1.27 [0.98–1.63]
0.73 [0.46–1.18]
2,996
1.12 [0.94–1.34]
0.58 [0.51–0.65]
No
303,471
705
Ref.
Ref.
15,929
Ref.
Ref.
Onset of labour
Spontaneous
340,966
627
Ref.
Ref.
12,910
Ref.
Ref.
Induced
20,578
66
1.74 [0.70–4.34]
1.66 [1.22–2.26]
1,436
1.79 [1.52–2.11]
1.20 [0.89–1.62]
Elective C-section
50,673
289
3.09 [1.63–5.85]
1.94 [1.42–2.66]
6,408
3.08 [2.28–4.14]
1.63 [1.17–2.27]
Mode of delivery
C-section
123,423
447
1.99 [1.34–2.95]
1.19 [0.94–1.50]
12,877
3.40 [2.80–4.14]
2.37 [1.86–3.01]
Vaginal (any)
310,183
563
Ref.
Ref.
8,864
Ref.
Ref.
Total
441,441
1028
21,985
Missing information for a: 0.4%; b: 6.9%; c: 4.1%; d: 4.2%; e: 7.6%; f: 12.4%; g: 7.6%; h: 31.1%; i: 16.8%; j: 5.4%; k: 1.2% of cases; APR: adjusted prevalence ratio (adjusted for cluster effect and all other predictors); MD: maternal death; MNM: maternal near miss.
