|
| Type | Characteristics/risk factors | Complication |
|
| Atherosclerotic intimal calcification | Calcification of atherosclerotic plaques; eccentric lumen deformation by patchy calcification of the intima in the vicinity of lipid or cholesterol deposits as present in plaque calcification; patch or striped calcification on X-ray examination. Risk factors include hypercholesterolemia, metabolic syndrome, diabetes, and hypertension. | Ischemia/infarction |
| Arterial medial calcification | Calcification of the media in the absence of such lipid or cholesterol deposits, known as Mönckeberg-type atherosclerosis; tram-like or pipe calcification by X-ray examination. Risk factors include abnormal calcium-phosphate metabolism and inflammation. | Systolic hypertension, left ventricular hypertrophy |
| Heart valve calcification | Calcification of aortic valve or mitral valve leaflets as a consequence of abnormal calcium-phosphate metabolism, inflammation, and traditional cardiovascular risk factors such as hypercholesterolemia, metabolic syndrome, diabetes, and hypertension. | Heart failure |
| Calcific uremic arteriolopathy | Dermal arteriolar medial calcification and dermal fat necrosis, usually in the abdomen, thighs, breasts, and buttocks. X-ray examination of the extremities including the hands and feet reveals calcified artery in the absence of thrombosis. Risk factors include diabetes, obesity, vitamin K antagonist, and steroid. | Painful nodule and subcutaneous skin/fat necrosis wound |
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