Mental and Reproductive Health Correlates of Academic Performance among Debre Berhan University Female Students, Ethiopia: The Case of Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder
Table 3
Bivariate and multiple logistic regression model of biopsychosocial risk factors and PMDD, June 2015.
Variables (reference category)
PMDD status
Crude OR (95% CI)
Adjusted OR (95% CI)
/% (no)
/% (yes)
Current age, ≥20 (≤19)
356/67.3
58/10.9
1.1 (0.6–2.1)
Marital status (single)
Engaged
109/20.6
19/3.6
1.2 (0.6–2.1)
Married
24/4.5
6/1.1
2.0 (0.6–4.1)
Ethnicity (Amhara)
Oromo
67/12.7
12/2.2
1.1 (0.5–2.1)
Tigre
20/3.8
2/0.4
0.6 (0.1–2.2)
Others
40/7.6
5/1.0
0.8 (0.3–1.8)
Religion (orthodox)
Muslim
22/4.2
2/0.4
0.5 (0.1–1.8)
Protestant
51/9.6
5/1.0
0.6 (0.2–1.4)
Field of study (natural and computational science)
Agriculture science
55/10.3
9/1.7
1.2 (0.5–2.6)
Social science
102/19.3
15/2.8
1.1 (0.5–2.1)
Business and economics
75/14.2
21/4.0
2.0 (1.1–3.8)
Health science
34/6.4
2/0.4
0.4 (0.1–1.5)
Bach (first year)
Second year
134/25.3
24/4.5
1.2 (0.7–2.1)
Third year
90/17.0
15/2.8
1.1 (0.6–2.2)
Daily sleeping hour (<5.9 hrs)
6.0–7.9 hrs
90/17.0
14/2.6
0.7 (0.3–1.9)
≥8 hrs
329/62.2
51/9.6
0.7 (0.3–1.7)
Age at first menses ≥ 15 years (≤14 years)
296/56.1
50/9.4
1.2 (0.7–2.0)
Pain during menses (no pain)
Minimal
108/20.4
10/1.9
2.5 (0.6–16.6)
2.2 (0.5–15.5)
Moderate
228/43.1
29/5.5
3.4 (1.0–21.6)
2.8 (0.7–18.6)
Severe
66/12.5
32/6.0
13.1 (3.7–83.1)
6.5 (1.6–43.7)
Amount of menses (minimal)
Moderate
318/6.1
38/7.2
1.0 (0.5–1.9)
1.1 (0.5–2.5)
Heavy/severe
47/8.9
23/4.3
3.7 (1.7–8.3)
2.8 (1.2–7.1)
Contraceptive use (nonuse)
23/4.3
3/0.6
0.8 (0.2–2.4)
Length of menses (≤21 days)
21–35 days
417/78.8
70/13.2
1.6 (0.5–10.1)
≥35 days
20/3.8
1/0.2
0.5 (0.02–5.4)
Menses for ≥4 days (≤3 days)
311/58.8
52/9.8
1.2 (0.7–2.0)
Treatment seeking behavior (other)
Nonprescribed drug
8/1.6
8/1.6
14.0 (3.0–64.5)
8.5 (1.5–46.6)
Prescribed drug
50/9.4
12/2.2
3.4 (0.9–12.7)
2.6 (0.6–10.8)
Sleep
252/47.6
35/6.6
2.0 (0.6–6.6)
1.7 (0.5–6.7)
Exercise
54/10.2
6/1.1
1.6 (0.4–6.6)
1.4 (0.3–6.8)
Diet change
50/9.4
9/1.7
2.5 (0.6–9.9)
2.0 (0.5–9.0)
History of depression (no)
36/6.8
12/2.2
2.3 (1.1–4.5)
1.5 (0.6–3.2)
History of psychiatric morbidity other than depression (no)
