The Prognostic Value of Combined Smoking and Alcohol Consumption Habits for the Estimation of Cause-Specific Mortality in Middle-Age and Elderly Population: Results from a Long-Term Cohort Study in Lithuania
Table 1
Hazard ratios (HR) and subdistribution hazard ratios for cause-specific mortality according to the risk factors in men group (univariate analyses).
Characteristics
All-cause deaths
CVD
Cancer
External causes of death
Events
HR (95% CI)
Events
SHR (95% CI)
Events
SHR (95% CI)
Events
SHR (95% CI)
Age, years
1292
1.08 (1.07–1.09)
<0.0001
502
1.08 (1.06–1.09)
<0.0001
339
1.07 (1.05–1.08)
<0.0001
115
0.99 (0.97–1.01)
0.459
Smoking habits
Never
430
1
173
1
92
1
52
1
Former
303
1.38 (1.19–1.60)
<0.0001
122
1.42 (1.13–1.78)
0.003
72
1.45 (1.06–1.97)
0.019
17
0.58 (0.33–0.99)
0.049
Current
559
1.65 (1.45–1.87)
<0.0001
207
1.36 (1.11–1.66)
0.003
175
2.18 (1.70–2.81)
<0.0001
46
0.97 (0.65–1.44)
0.868
Alcohol consumption category
None
133
1
38
1
24
1
10
1
1–14 units/week
1007
0.63 (0.52–0.75)
<0.0001
403
0.80 (0.53–1.12)
0.193
271
1.08 (0.71–1.65)
0.722
86
0.81 (0.42–1.57)
0.533
>14 units/week
152
0.84 (0.67–1.06)
0.149
61
1.03 (0.68–1.54)
0.896
44
1.44 (0.87–2.38)
0.159
19
1.41 (0.65–3.05)
0.385
Alcohol consumption category
None
133
1.59 (1.33–1.91)
<0.0001
38
1.25 (0.89–1.74)
0.193
24
0.93 (0.61–1.42)
0.722
10
1.23 (0.64–2.39)
0.533
1–14 units/week
1007
1
403
1
271
1
86
1
>14 units/week
152
1.34 (1.13–1.59)
0.001
61
1.29 (0.98–1.68)
0.070
44
1.33 (0.97–1.83)
0.077
19
1.74 (1.06–2.85)
0.029
Total cholesterol, mmol/L
1292
1.05 (1.0–1.10)
0.05
502
1.13 (1.05–1.21)
0.001
339
0.96 (0.87–1.07)
0.474
115
0.98 (0.80–1.20)
0.838
SBP, mmHg
1292
1.02 (1.01–1.02)
<0.0001
502
1.02 (1.02–1.03)
<0.0001
339
1.00 (0.99–1.01)
0.132
115
0.99 (0.99–1.01)
0.632
BMI, kg/m2
1292
1.02 (1.01–1.03)
0.007
502
1.06 (1.04–1.09)
<0.0001
339
0.95 (0.92–0.99)
0.005
115
0.89 (0.84–0.94)
<0.0001
Diabetes mellitus type 2
No
1248
1
488
1
333
1
110
1
Yes
44
2.67 (1.98–3.61)
<0.0001
14
2.12 (1.22–3.67)
0.007
6
0.89 (0.39–2.03)
0.787
5
2.23 (0.92–5.40)
0.076
Education level
Incomplete secondary
585
1
231
1
166
1
46
1
Secondary
458
0.54 (0.48–0.61)
<0.0001
163
0.52 (0.42–0.63)
<0.0001
113
0.52 (0.41–0.66)
<0.0001
50
0.83 (0.55–1.23)
0.352
University or college
249
0.41 (0.35–0.47)
<0.0001
108
0.48 (0.38–0.61)
<0.0001
60
0.40 (0.30–0.54)
<0.0001
19
0.47 (0.28–0.80)
0.005
Marital status
Married
1175
1
455
1
318
1
99
1
Single
33
1.02 (0.72–1.44)
0.923
13
1.03 (0.57–1.79)
0.929
9
1.00 (0.51–1.94)
0.989
2
0.69 (0.17–2.80)
0.607
Widowed
31
2.48 (1.74–3.55)
<0.0001
14
2.69 (1.54–4.71)
<0.0001
5
0.98 (0.40–2.39)
0.963
4
2.41 (0.88–6.55)
0.086
Divorced
53
1.25 (0.95–1.65)
0.108
20
1.17 (0.74–1.86)
0.494
7
0.56 (0.26–1.19)
0.133
10
2.74 (1.44–5.24)
0.002
CI: confidence interval, CVD: cardiovascular diseases, BMI: body mass index, SBP: systolic blood pressure, and SD: standard deviation. CVD excluded those with previous CVD at the entry. SHR: subdistribution hazard risk; follow-up, years, mean (SD) 20.1 (8.75).
