The Influence of Formulation and Excipients on Propranolol Skin Permeation and Retention

Table 2

Propranolol permeation parameters across isolated epidermis from porcine skin, intact and partially tape stripped (10 times). All formulation contained 10 mg/ml of drug (mean values±sd).

Intact skin
Formulation	Flux (μg cm^−2 h^−1)	Permeability coefficient (cm h^−1)10^5	Lag time(h)
Ointment1	0.34±0.07	nc	4.32±0.62
Ointment2	0.20±0.08	nc	5.08±1.14
Cream1	0.82±0.10	8.16±0.96	1.03±0.8
Cream2	0.55±0.31	5.51±3.11	3.18±1.0
Gel	1.74±0.73	17.42±7.34	4.16±2.88
Partially stripped skin
Formulation	Flux (μg cm^−2 h^−1)	Permeability coefficient (cm h^−1)10^5	Lag time(h)
Ointment1	0.26±0.08	nc	1.79±2.11
Ointment2	0.39±0.09	nc	1.06±0.82
Cream1	0.65±0.32	6.55±3.22	2.79±1.62
Cream2	nd	nd	nd
Gel	1.13±0.26	11.29±2.57	4.56±1.09

nd: not determined.
nc: not calculable.
Difference between intact and stripped skin: .