Effects of Surface Nanotopography and Calcium Chemistry of Titanium Bone Implants on Early Blood Platelet and Macrophage Cell Function

Figure 8

ELISA results of TNFα, IL1β, and PGE2 levels secreted into the culture media by adherent J774.A1 macrophages on the investigated surface after a 24 h incubation. Data are presented as the mean ± SD of three independent experiments. < 0.05 compared with the other surface.