Gallic Acid Attenuates Dimethylnitrosamine-Induced Liver Fibrosis by Alteration of Smad Phosphoisoform Signaling in Rats

Figure 1

Schematic illustration for animal experiment design. DMN at 3 mg/kg BW is injected three times on the first week (blue triangle), and DMN at 7 mg/kg BW is injected three times per week from the second to the fourth week (black triangle) to all the rats except the rats in control group. Saline is injected as a control under the same regime (hollow triangle). Subsequently, GA (green column) or silymarin (yellow column) is suspended in saline and administered daily by intragastric gavage (i.g.) from the second to the sixth week. Saline is administered as a control under the same regime (gray column). Rats were weighed and sacrificed six weeks after first DMN injection (red triangle). n = 8 animals/group.