Absorption of Codonopsis pilosula Saponins by Coexisting Polysaccharides Alleviates Gut Microbial Dysbiosis with Dextran Sulfate Sodium-Induced Colitis in Model Mice

Figure 4

Gut microbial community structure in mice after treatment with Codonopsis pilosula extracts. (A1) Multiple sample PCoA. (A2) Multiple sample PCA. (B1) Microbial community bar plot by phylum. (B2) Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio. (C) Microbial community bar plot by genus. (D1) Distribution histogram based on LDA of differences in dominant microorganisms between groups. (D2) Cladogram. < 0.05; < 0.01; < 0.001 versus the DSS-treated group. Data are presented as means ± SD of four mice in each group (A–D, n = 4). A = fructooligosaccharides group, B = Codonopsis pilosula polysaccharide group, C = Codonopsis pilosula saponins group, D = control group, and E = DSS-induced colitis group.