Immune Escape Mechanisms and Future Prospects for Immunotherapy in Neuroblastoma

Figure 1

General model of the interactions between immune and cancer cells in the TME. NB cells play a central role in creating an immunosuppressive microenvironment. Hypoxia poses a metabolic challenge to infiltrating immune cells. NB cells also express membrane-bound and secreted immunosuppressive proteins such as IL-10 and TGF-β, which recruit Tregs, MDSCs, and TAMs and promote their suppressive activity, thus inhibiting the antitumor function of effector cells.