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| Reference | Maternal side effects | Anticholinergic drug | Apgar scoring | Blood gas analysis | Umbilical blood catecholamines |
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| Hasanin et al., 2018 [2] | Nausea or vomiting: ns | Four in NE1, 3 in NE2, and 7 in NE3: ns | Apgar at 1 and 10 min: ns | pH, PCO2, PO2, HCO in UA: ns | N/A |
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| Sharkey et al., 2018 [10] | Nausea or vomiting: ns | N/A | Apgar at 1 and 5 min: ns | pH, PCO2, PO2, HCO3, BE in UA and UV: ns | N/A |
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| Ngan Kee et al., 2018 [3] | Nausea or vomiting: ns | No patient | No Apgar < 7 at 1min or < 8 at 5min in either group | pH, PCO2, PO2, BE in UA and UV: ns | N/A |
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| Chen D et al., 2018, [4] | Shivering, nausea, and pale skin: ns | One in NE3: ns | Apgar at 1 and 5 min: ns | Glucose: NE2, NE3 > NE1, control group in either maternal or neonatal UA; pH, PCO2, PO2, HCO3, Lac, BE: ns among groups in maternal and neonatal UA | N/A |
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| Vallejo M et al., 2017 [7] | Nausea: 51.2% for group NE and 63.2% for group PE, ns; emesis: 16.3% for group NE vs. 26.3% for group PE, ns | N/A | Apgar < 7 at 1min or 5min: ns | pH, PCO2, PO2, HCO3, BE in UV: ns | N/A |
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| Onwochei et al., 2017 [5] | Nausea: 11 (27.5%), of which 4 (36.4%) and 7 (63.6%) with NE < 6 μg and at 6 μg, respectively; no vomiting observed | N/A | All Apgar > 8 at 1 min or 5 min | Incidence of UA pH < 7.2: 6 (15%), 1 with NE < 6μg, 5 with NE 6 μg
BE is higher in those with NE < 6μg compared to those with 6 μg: -2.56 vs -4.94∗ | N/A |
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| Ngan Kee et al., 2017 [6] | N/A | N/A | Apgar < 7 at 1 min or < 8 at 5 min: ns | Incidence of UA pH < 7.2: 4 (4.4%) vs 5(5.6%), ns | N/A |
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| Ngan Kee et al., 2015 [9] | Nausea or vomiting: 3 (6.1%) for group NE and 2 (3.8%) for group PE, ns | N/A | All Apgar > 7 at 1 min and 5 min | No patient had UA pH < 7.2
pH and oxygen content: group NE > PE in UV∗; PCO2, PO2, BE: ns in UV; pH, PCO2, PO2, BE, oxygen content, ns in UA
Glucose content: group NE > PE in UA and UV∗ | Epinephrine content: group NE < PE in UA∗;
NE content: group NE < PE in UA and UV∗ |
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