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| | Article | Year of publication | Type of article | Sample (number of subjects) | Range of age | Control group
(yes/not) | Randomization
(yes/not) | Mean results |
|
| 1 | C. Holberg [3] | 2005 | Virtual experiment:
A finite element model of the sphenoid | / | / | / | / | During palatal expansion, due to lateral bending of the pterygoid processes, marked stress develops in the round and oval foramen regions and those of the superior orbital fissure, where fractures causing neural and vascular injury can occur |
|
| 2 | Holberg and Rudzki-Janson [4] | 2006 | Virtual experiment:
Cranial constructions from the CT data (computerized simulations) | / | / | / | / | The superior orbital fissure and the optic foramen
seem particularly affected by stress during the rapid palatal expansion procedure |
|
| 3 | Habeeb et al. [5] | 2013 | Prospective clinical study | 28 children
(17 M; 11 F)
(mean 9.9 years) | 7.8-12.8 years | / | / | An increase in the ocular interaxial distance between the two eyes of about 0.25 mm after treatment was reported in children who required rapid palatal expansion |
|
| 4 | Monaco et al. [6] | 2006 | Case-control study | 10 myopic children
+
10 subjects, matched by gender and age | 7-13 years | Yes | / | There is a marked difference in tonic activity of temporal anterior muscles at open eyes between the myopic and the normal children |
|
| 5 | Sharifi Milani et al. [7] | 1998 | Prospective controlled clinical study | 15 subjects, who had worn mandibular orthopaedic repositioning appliances
+
15 subjects, matched by gender and age | | Yes | No | After wearing a mandibular orthopaedic repositioning appliances for a while, there are some fluctuations in visual focusing |
|
| 6 | Cuccia and Caradonna [8] | 2008 | Case-control study | 50 symptomatic subjects with bilateral TMJ disc displacement (13 M, 37 F; mean age, 28.84 +/- 8.22 years)
+
50 asymptomatic volunteers with normal disc position (14 M, 36 F; mean age, 29.96 +/- 5.04 years). | 18-40 years | Yes | / | Subjects with TMJ disc displacement had a statistically significant higher alteration in binocular function
(reduction in convergence, and positive fusional vergence) compared with control subjects with normal disc positions |
|
| 7 | Monaco et al. [9] | 2003 | Case-control study | 48 subjects (12 M and 36 F; average age 35) with Temporomandibular disorders (TMD) and muscular pain and/or dysfunction
+
48 subjects, matched by gender and age | 19-45 years | Yes | / | The TMD subjects presented a higher statistical percentage of ocular convergence defects, with respect to control subjects |
|
| 8 | Monaco et al. [10] | 2004 | Case-control study | 60 children with functional mandibular latero-deviation
+
60 healthy children matched by gender and age. | | Yes | / | In children affected by mandibular laterodeviation, ocular convergence defects occurred in greater frequency with respect to control children |
|
| 9 | Erturk and Dogan [11] | 1990 | Case-control study | 20 blind subjects, who had been totally blind since birth
+
20 normal-sighted subjects, matched by gender and age | | Yes | / | Bind children show a significant difference in head posture, and in craniofacial and dentoalveolar morphology: an increase in the mandibular angle and in vertical jaw relationships and a decrease in inclination of the mandibular incisors, with respect to normal-sighted persons |
|
| 10 | Heikkinen et al. [12] | 2004 | Cross-sectional study | 1423 young American black and white children (with II class cusp sagittal relationship)
(mean age: 8.5). | 6-12 years | / | / | True right-sided children show a more symmetric occlusion (bilateral Angle I or II class) than non-right-sided children (unilateral Angle I or II class) |
|
| 11 | Heikkinen et al. [13] | 2005 | Cross-sectional study | 1423 young American black and white children (with II class cusp sagittal relationship)
(mean age: 8.5). | 6-12 years | / | / | True right-sided children show less crossbite on the right side than children having non-right-sidedness in their functions, with the differences being statistically significant |
|
| 12 | Bollero et al. [14] | 2017 | Cross-sectional study | 84 subjects (49 M, 35 F) | 7.3±1.7 years | / | / | A statistically significant correlation is reported between ocular motility disorders and unilateral cross-bite with midline deviation. |
|
| 13 | Monaco et al. [15] | 2006 | Case control-study | 32 children with functional lateral deviation of mandible and oculo-extrinsic muscular tone disorders, randomly divided into two groups: study and control. In the study group the ocular defects were corrected upon the support of an electromyographic control (in the control group in a conventional way) | 8-12 years | Yes | Yes | Both groups showed a significant statistical increase of tonic activity at rest with eyes open in the anterior temporalis muscle. But a significant decrease of this value was observed only with ocular correction upon electromyographic control (in the study group). |
|
| 14 | Monaco et al. [16] | 2013 | Cross-sectional evaluation | 1.326 patients classified as Class I, Class II, and Class III | | no | no | The prevalence of myopia was higher in Class II malocclusions, while the prevalence of astigmatism and hyperopia was higher in Class I malocclusion. No significant difference in vision defects by sex was found. |
|
| 15 | Monaco et al. [17] | 2012 | Cross-sectional evaluation | 292 selected subjects | | no | no | A statistical significant higher prevalence was found for subjects showing myopia in Class II division 1 malocclusion, while no other significant differences were found for prevalence in the other classes of malocclusions. |
|
| 16 | Monaco et al. [18] | 2011 | Cross-sectional evaluation | 176 selected subjects | 39 study subjects with cross-bite
+
137 control subjects without crossbite | no | no | Statistically significant correlations were found between astigmatism and cross-bite, while no associations were found with other malocclusions. No gender influence was found for astigmatism or malocclusion. |
|
| 17 | Monaco et al. [19] | 2011 | Cross-sectional evaluation | 176 selected subjects | 32 study subjects with hyperopia
+
138 control subjects | no | no | Statistically significant correlations were found between hyperopia and cross-bite while no associations were found with other malocclusions. |
|
| 18 | Silvestrini-Biavati et al. [20] | 2013 | Cross-sectional evaluation | 605 selected subjects | 8-10 years | no | no | A prevalence of cases with an unphysiological gait was found in patients with overjet (14.70%) or overbite (14.87%), while the percentage of patients with normal occlusion that showed an unphysiological gait was 13.08%. Subjects with an open bite or deep bite showed a slightly different distribution of right or left dominant eyes. |
|
| 19 | Caruso et al.
[21] | 2018 | Cross-sectional evaluation | 36
(21M, 13F;) | 12±2 years | no | no | A statistically significant association between occlusal molar class II and exophoria (78.3% of subjects with molar class II have exophoria, p<0.05) and fusional amplitudes below the cut-off value (83.3%, p<0.05). |
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