The Impact of Vitamin D Deficiency on Retinopathy and Hearing Loss among Type 2 Diabetic Patients

Table 2

Clinical biochemistry baseline value among retinopathy hearing loss and normal hearing subject among T2DM patients (N = 638).

Variables	Retinopathy with Hearing Loss; ≥26 dB n=126; Mean ± SD	Non-Retinopathy Normal Hearing with; diabetic <26 dB; N = 512; Mean ± SD	P value
Vitamin D (ng/ml)	19.40±9.71	22.67±9.28	<0.001
Hemoglobin (g/dL)	12.85± 2.40	12.98±2.35	0.285
Magnesium (mmol/L)	0.76±0.10	0.90±0.09	<0.001
Potassium (mmol/L)	4.49±0.45	4.48±0.38	0.830
Calcium (mmol/L)	2.18±0.38	2.39±0.26	0.036
Phosphorous (mmol/L)	1.40±0.32	1.58±0.29	<0.001
Creatinine (mmol/L)	68.74±14.47	66.69±17.81	0.231
Fasting Blood Glucose(mmol/L)	7.50.13±1.30	7.33±1.01	0.041
HbA1c	8.35±1.04	7.60±1.01	<0.001
Cholesterol (mmol/L)	3.40±0.66	3.16±0.80	0.002
HDL-C (mmol/L)	1.45±0.90	1.22±0.37	0.001
LDL-C (mmol/L)	1.97±0.92	1.72±0.69	0.025
Albumin (mmol/L)	40.10±4.41	38.68±4.09	0.001
Bilirubin (mmol/L)	7.10±1.46	6.12±1.64	0.001
Triglyceride (mmol/L)	1.82±0.87	1.72±2.58	0.110
Uric Acid (mmol/L)	275.8±99.8	287.9±89.51	0.272
Systolic Blood Pressure mm Hg	131.7±9.25	127.73±11.98	0.001
Diastolic Blood Pressure mm Hg	82.20±8.60	79.80±8.20	0.004
Microalbuminuria	14.59±2.49	9.07±3.50	<0.001
	n()	n()
Vitamin D Level
Deficiency 25(OH)D <20 ng/ml	68(54.0)	212(41.4)
Insufficiency 25(OH)D 20-29 ng/ml	38(30.2)	183(35.7)	0.004
Optimal 25(OH)D 30-80 ng/ml	20(15.8)	117(22.9)
Retinopathy
Present	24(19.0)	52(10.2)
Absent	102(81.0)	460(89.8)	0.006
Visual impairment level
None	102(81.0)	460(89.8)
Mild	9(7.1)	28(5.5)	0.007
Moderate or more	15(11.9)	24(4.7)