The Impact of Vitamin D Deficiency on Retinopathy and Hearing Loss among Type 2 Diabetic Patients

Table 4

Multivariate stepwise logistic regression analysis for predictors of hearing loss and retinopathy among T2DM patients (N=638).

Variables	Adj. OR (95CI)	P value
Vertigo	4.09 (1.79-9.66)	<0.001
Duration of DM	1.92 (1.70-2.44)	<0.001
Mobile/I pad Phone use	4.25 (2.85-9.97)	<0.001
Vitamin D deficiency	2.03(1.94-3.06)	0.002
Sleep disturbance	2.68 (2.24-3.58)	0.004
Head ache	2.39(1.30-4.32)	0.005
Frequently TV watching	2.42 (1.26-4.00)	0.006
Tinnitus	1.95(1.22-3.13)	0.007
Cigarette Smoking (yes)	1.79 (1.26-3.23)	0.029
Hypertension	1.71 (1.36-2.82)	0.036