| Function, regulation, or mechanism | Reference |
| Suppresses innate immunity and inflammation | [3] | Suppresses adaptive immunity | [20] | Upregulated after stimulation of LPS, Pam3CSK4, and TGF-β1 | [3] | Induced by IL-1β, TNF, IFN-γ, IL-18, TGF-β, and TLR ligands | [3] | Suppressed by GM-CSF combined with IL-4 | [3] | Suppresses proinflammatory cytokines: IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-1Ra, IL-6, IL-8, IL-17, IL-23, TNF-α, and IFN-γ | [3, 8] | Suppresses chemokines: MIP-2/CXCL2, CCL12/MCP-5, and BCA-1/CXCL13 | [3, 8] | Inhibits M-GSF and GM-CSF | [3, 8] | Increases the immunosuppressive factor TGF-β1 | [3, 8] | Induces the expression of nitric oxide in vitro | [16] | Inhibits DCs functions | [20] | Attenuates T cell-mediated inflammation | [20] | Interacts with Smad3 | [3] | Inhibits the STATs, p38MAPK, ERK1/2, JNK, FAK, Pyk2, paxillin, NF-κB, kinase Fyn, TAK1 | [3, 8, 12, 28–30] | Inhibits NLRP3 inflammasome | [3, 16] | Binds to IL-18Rα to form a complex with IL-18BP, thereby reduces the activity of IL-18 | [9, 16, 33, 36] | Binds to SIGIRR | [12, 16, 38] | Protective factor in mouse model of LPS-induced shock | [3] | Limits tissue injury during infections | [3, 16] | Potential protective factor in ischemia-reperfusion injury | [44, 49, 50] | Potential protective role in autoimmune diseases | [5, 6] | Potential antitumor effect | [7, 13, 21, 23–25] | Potential protective factor in cardiovascular diseases | [81, 84] | Related to obesity and insulin resistance | [88, 89] |
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