Association of Impaired Vascular Endothelial Function with Increased Cardiovascular Risk in Asymptomatic Adults

Figure 2

Odds ratios for estimated 10-year cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk by brachial flow-mediated dilation (FMD) as stratified by participant characteristics. Odds ratios (solid lines or curved dashed lines) were based on restricted quadratic splines for log-transformed FMD with knots at the 10th, 50th, and 90th percentiles. Bars indicate the histogram of FMD distribution in 680 participants. Odds ratios were adjusted for age (years), sex (male, female), ethnicity (Han, Zhuang, other), education (<high school, ≥high school), body mass index (kg/m²), smoking status (never, former, current), total cholesterol (mg/dL), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (mg/dL), serum glucose (mmol/L), C-reactive protein (log mg/L), estimated glomerular filtration rate (mL/minute per 1.73 m²), hypertension (yes, no), heart rate (beat per minute), and baseline brachial artery diameter (mm), except for the factor per se in the corresponding subgroup.