Association of Impaired Vascular Endothelial Function with Increased Cardiovascular Risk in Asymptomatic Adults

Table 3

Odds ratios (95% confidence interval) for estimated 10-year CVD risk by categories of brachial FMD as stratified by characteristics (n=680).

Subgroup	n	FMD (%)			25th versus 75th Percentile	P for trend
		≥10 (n=256)	6-10 (n=278)	<6 (n=146)
Age (years)
<60	452	1 (reference)	1.03 (0.55-1.92)	1.20 (0.52-2.73)	0.98 (0.66-1.44)	0.71
≥60	228	1 (reference)	2.55 (0.87-7.53)	10.94 (2.58-46.32)	2.77 (1.54-5.00)	0.001
Sex
Male	230	1 (reference)	0.96 (0.17-5.36)	2.70 (0.29-25.00)	1.15 (0.46-2.89)	0.42
Female	450	1 (reference)	1.30 (0.62-2.74)	4.00 (1.49-10.73)	1.77 (1.16-2.70)	0.02
BMI (kg/m^2)
<24	442	1 (reference)	1.18 (0.51-2.73)	2.78 (0.98-7.86)	1.32 (0.81-2.15)	0.08
≥24	238	1 (reference)	1.76 (0.56-5.62)	2.44 (0.46-12.94)	1.84 (0.87-3.91)	0.26
Smoking
Never	525	1 (reference)	1.31 (0.64-2.66)	3.89 (1.51-10.00)	1.59 (1.08-2.35)	0.01
Ever	155	1 (reference)	0.84 (0.20-3.48)	0.91 (0.18-4.57)	0.70 (0.31-1.59)	0.89
Hypertension
Yes	288	1 (reference)	1.64 (0.61-4.41)	3.63 (0.97-13.62)	1.74 (1.02-2.97)	0.06
No	392	1 (reference)	1.02 (0.40-2.58)	2.74 (0.82-9.17)	1.27 (0.76-2.14)	0.18
Dysglycaemia
Yes	144	1 (reference)	0.94 (0.22-3.94)	3.39 (0.52-22.31)	1.85 (0.87-3.95)	0.31
No	536	1 (reference)	1.67 (0.77-3.62)	3.56 (1.33-9.54)	1.59 (1.04-2.44)	0.02
Dyslipidaemia
Yes	423	1 (reference)	0.63 (0.31-1.26)	1.02 (0.42-2.46)	1.13 (0.71-1.79)	0.70
No	257	1 (reference)	2.34 (0.70-7.90)	4.26 (0.98-18.55)	1.20 (0.68-2.13)	0.05
C-reactive protein (mg/L)
<10	436	1 (reference)	0.92 (0.38-2.18)	1.37 (0.43-4.34)	1.08 (0.63-1.86)	0.69
≥10	244	1 (reference)	1.80 (0.61-5.30)	7.55 (2.04-27.97)	2.03 (1.19-3.48)	0.005
eGFR (mL/minute per 1.73 m^2)
<106	337	1 (reference)	0.88 (0.35-2.19)	4.99 (1.54-16.15)	1.85 (1.12-3.06)	0.03
≥106	343	1 (reference)	3.19 (1.03-9.92)	1.36 (0.31-5.90)	1.19 (0.60-2.37)	0.40

Abbreviations: CVD, cardiovascular disease; FMD, flow-mediated dilation; BMI, body mass index; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate.
Results were adjusted for age (years), sex (male, female), ethnicity (Han, Zhuang, other), education (<high school, ≥high school), body mass index (kg/m²), smoking status (never, former, current), total cholesterol (mg/dL), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (mg/dL), serum glucose (mmol/L), C-reactive protein (log mg/L), estimated glomerular filtration rate (mL/minute per 1.73 m²), hypertension (yes, no), heart rate (beat per minute), and baseline brachial artery diameter (mm), except for the factor per se in the corresponding subgroup.