A Review on Adducin from Functional to Pathological Mechanisms: Future Direction in Cancer

Table 1

Phosphorylation and calmodulin binding sites and the functional consequences.

	Phosphorylation sites	Functional consequences	References
Protein kinase A	α-Ser-726; β-Ser-713; α-Ser-408; α-Ser-436; α-Ser-481	Inhibit of actin-binding activity; Inhibit spectrin-recruiting activity; Inhibit calmodulin-binding activity; Localize cell-cell contact in epithelial cells	[36, 53, 57]
	α-Ser-481	Stabilize endothelial adhesion junctions	[59]
Protein kinase C	α-Ser-726; β-Ser-713	Inhibit actin-capping activity; Inhibit spectrin-recruiting activity; Inhibit calmodulin-binding activity	[29, 37, 53]
	β-Ser-713; β-Ser-726	Nucleus translocation: support the structure of heterochromatin and centrioles during mitosis	[64]
	α-Ser-726	Promote membrane protrusions and cell motility	[58]
Protein kinase C and calpain	α-Ser-726; γ-Ser-656–668	Platelet activation and maintaining shape of resting platelet	[38, 56]
Rho-kinase	α-Thr-445; α-Thr-480	Enhance actin filament binding activity; Enhance membrane ruffling; Enhance cell motility	[54, 55]
Ca^2+/calmodulin	α-718–734; β-425–444; β-705–721	Inhibit actin-capping activity; Inhibit spectrin-recruiting activity; Affect the rate of phosphorylation	[28, 33, 73]