Root-Cause Analysis of Persistently High Maternal Mortality in a Rural District of Indonesia: Role of Clinical Care Quality and Health Services Organizational Factors

Table 1

Maternal characteristics of women who died.

Characteristics	Deaths in hospital ()	Deaths in community ()	Total (%)
Age
16–22 years	4	3	7 (23.3)
23–29 years	5	1	6 (20.0)
30–35 years	7	2	9 (30.0)
>35 years	6	2	8 (26.7)
Education
None	0	1	1 (3,3)
Primary	12	4	16 (53)
Secondary	4	1	5 (16.6)
>Secondary	6	2	8 (26.6)
Working status
Housewife	20	6	26 (86)
Working in private/govt.	2	2	4 (13)
Health Care Insurance
None	1	5	6 (20)
District govt. Insurance	17	3	20 (66.6)
Employer/other	4	0	4 (13)
Distance to Health Center
10–20 minutes	9	5	14 (46)
>20–45 minutes	5	2	7 (23)
>45–180 minutes	8	1	9 (30)
Transport at home
None	1	5	6 (20)
Motor-Bike	18	3	21 (70)
Small Boat	0	1	1 (3.3)
Motor-bike & a small boat	2	3	5 (16.6)
General health
Good	12	4	16 (53)
High BP/High cholesterol	3	2	5 (16.6)
Shortness of breath	4	1	5 (16.6)
Past or suspected TB	2	1	3 (10)
Other	1	0	1 (3.3)
Vaccine TT
None	3	3	6 (20)
Received 1-2 TT	15	5	20 (66.6)
Missing	4	0	4 (13)
Delivery Plan by Family
None	3	1	4 (13)
TBA, at home	3	3	6 (20)
Midwife, at home	4	2	6 (20)
Midwife, at clinic	4	1	5 (16.6)
Health center	2	0	2 (6.6)
Hospital	3	0	3 (10)
Missing	3	1	4 (13)