Current Concepts of Neurodegenerative Mechanisms in Alzheimer’s Disease

Table 1

Evidence of inflammatory mediators reported in AD.

Inflammatory mediator	Changes reported	Human site	References
Tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α)	↑	Serum	[52]
	↑	Brain
	↑	Brain
	↑	Blood
Interleukin-6 (IL-6)	↑	Serum	[53]
	↑	Brain	[54]
	↑	Serum	[55]
	↑	CSF
Interleukin-1β (IL-1β)	↑	Brain	[56]
	↑	Blood	[55]
	↑	CSF
Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2)	↑	Neurons	[57]
Interleukin-2 (IL-2)	↑	Serum	[55]
	↑	CSF
Monocyte chemotactic protein (MCP-1)	↑	Brain	[52]
	↑	Blood
Caspase-8	↑	Neurons	[57]
	↑	Microglia	[58]
Caspase-3/7	↑	Microglia	[58]
Transforming growth factor (TGF) β1	↑	CSF	[59]
Transforming growth factor (TGF) β2	↑	CSF	[59]